Table 1.
Composition of five dietsa
| Ingredient (g) | LFD | WD | WD + TMAO | WD + TMAO + L-HFE | WD + TMAO + H-HFE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Corn starch | 600.2 | 414.6 | 414.6 | 414.6 | 414.6 |
| Casein | 140.0 | 167.1 | 167.1 | 167.1 | 167.1 |
| Sucrose | 100.0 | 69.1 | 69.1 | 69.1 | 69.1 |
| Powdered cellulose | 50.0 | 59.7 | 59.7 | 59.7 | 59.7 |
| Lard | 40.0 | 204.3 | 204.3 | 204.3 | 204.3 |
| AIN 76 mineral mix | 35.0 | 41.8 | 41.8 | 41.8 | 41.8 |
| Gelatin | 20.0 | 23.9 | 23.9 | 23.9 | 23.9 |
| AIN 93 vitamin mix | 10.0 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 |
| Choline bitartrate | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
| DL-Methionine | 2.3 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 |
| Cholesterol | – | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
| TMAOb | – | – | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
| Hawthorn fruit extract | – | – | – | 10.0 | 20.0 |
| Total | 1000 | 1000 | 1002 | 1012 | 1022 |
| kcal/g | 3.9 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 |
| % kcal | |||||
| Carbohydrate | 73.8 | 43.1 | 43.1 | 43.1 | 43.1 |
| Protein | 16.9 | 16.9 | 16.9 | 16.9 | 16.9 |
| Fat | 9.4 | 40.0 | 40.0 | 40.0 | 40.0 |
aThe five diets include a low-fat diet (LFD), a Western diet (WD) containing 0.15% cholesterol and 40% energy from fat, a WD plus 0.2% TMAO (WD + TMAO), a WD with 0.2% TMAO and 1% hawthorn fruit extract (WD + TMAO + L-HFE), and a WD with 0.2% TMAO and 2% hawthorn fruit extract (WD + TMAO + H-HFE)
bTMAO dihydrate equivalent to 0.2% free TMAO was dissolved in distilled water and then mixed with the other ingredients