Table 2.
Potential predictor variables and hospital-acquired pressure injury development
| Variable | All patients | Patients with no HAPrI n = 4768 |
Patients with a HAPrI n = 333 |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic data | ||||
| Age in years, M (SD) | 57.8 (17%) | 58 (17%) | 58 (15%) | p = .74 |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 3302 (65%) | 3086 (65%) | 216 (65%) | p = 1.0 |
| Race, White, n (%) | 4256 (83%) | 3988 (84%) | 268 (81%) | p = .13 |
| Ethnicity, non-Hispanic, n (%) | 4452 (87%) | 4166 (87) | 286 (86%) | p = .54 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Serum lactate (mg/dL), M (SD) | 4.0 (3.7) | 3.9 (3.6) | 5.9 (5.0) | p < .001 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL), M (SD) | 1.9 (1.9) | 1.8 (1.9) | 2.8 (2.1) | p < .001 |
| Serum glucose (mg/dL), M (SD) | 231 (148) | 228 (143) | 285 (200) | p < .001 |
| Hemoglobin (mg/dL), M (SD) | 9.0 (2.6) | 9.1 (2.6) | 7.6 (2.2) | p < .001 |
| Serum albumin (mg/dL), M (SD) | 3.1 (0.8) | 3.2 (0.7) | 2.7 (0.6) | p < .001 |
| Arterial PaO2 (mmHg), M (SD) | 54 (40) | 55 (40) | 46 (31) | p < .001 |
| Arterial pH, M (SD) | 7.27 (0.11) | 7.27 (0.10) | 7.22 (0.13) | p < .001 |
| Nursing skin-assessment data | ||||
| Thin epidermis, n (%) | 882 (18%) | 801 (17%) | 81 (24%) | p = .001 |
| Skin tear, n (%) | 641 (13%) | 548 (11%) | 93 (28%) | p < .001 |
| Community-acquired pressure injury, n (%) | 168 (3%) | 138 (2.9%) | 30 (9%) | p < .001 |
| Surgical time | ||||
| Longest surgery, minutes, M (SD) | 181 (156) | 179 (152) | 204 (197) | p < .001 |
| Vasopressor infusions | ||||
| Vasopressin dose (units/min), M (SD) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.03) | p < .001 |
| Norepinephrine dose (mcg/kg/min), M (SD) | 0.06 (0.42) | 0.05 (0.29) | 0.25 (1.18) | p < .001 |
| Norepinephrine (yes/no), n (%) | 1154 (23%) | 982 (21%) | 172 (52%) | p < .001 |
| Epinephrine (yes/no), n (%) | 1490 (29%) | 1352 (28%) | 138 (41%) | p < .001 |
| Phenylephrine (yes/no), n (%) | 190 (4%) | 173 (4%) | 17 (5%) | p = .22 |
| Dopamine (yes/no), n (%) | 205 (4%) | 186 (4%) | 19 (5%) | p = .14 |
| Vasopressin (yes/no), n (%) | 1757 (34%) | 1586 (33%) | 171 (51%) | p < .001 |
| Other potential predictors | ||||
| MEWS score, M (SD) | 4.3 (1.9) | 4.1 (2.0) | 6.2 (1.9) | p < .001 |
| GCS, M (SD) | 9.2 (4.8) | 9.3 (4.7) | 6.8 (4.6) | p < .001 |
| Fluid status (liters), M (SD) | 2.3 (2.1) | 2.2 (2.0) | 3.7 (2.6) | p < .001 |
| Length of ICU stay prior to HAPrI (days), M (SD) | 5 (7) | 4.6 (6.2) | 13 (9.9) | p < .001 |
| Riker score, M (SD) | 2.8 (1.2) | 2.9 (1.2) | 2.1 (1.2) | p < .001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), M (SD) | 30.1 (12.4) | 30.1 (12.5) | 30.7 (11.0) | p = .36 |
| Braden Scale scores | ||||
| Braden Scale total score, M (SD) | 13 (3) | 13 (3) | 11 (3) | p < .001 |
| Braden Mobility subscale, M (SD) | 2.0 (0.7) | 2.1 (0.7) | 1.6 (0.7) | p < .001 |
| Braden Friction subscale, M (SD) | 1.9 (0.5) | 1.9 (0.5) | 1.6 (0.6) | p < .001 |
HAPrI, hospital-acquired pressure injury; arterial PaO2, arterial partial pressure of oxygen; MEWS, Modified Early Warning Scale; GCS, Glasglow Coma Scale; Riker, Riker Sedation and Agitation Scale; BMI, body mass index