Table 4.
KAP risk factor analysis for ESBL E. coli carriage in children
| Question | ESBL positive (%) | ESBL negative (%) | OR univariate (95% CI)b |
P value | OR adjusted (95% CI)c |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| When your child’s throat hurts, do you give them antibiotics? | ||||||
| Never | 28 (15.6) | 151 (84.4) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Sometimes | 23 (8.2) | 257 (91.8) | 0.48 (0.27–0.86) | 0.01 | 0.48 (0.27–0.87) | 0.02 |
| Always | 29 (11.2) | 230 (88.8) | 0.68 (0.38–1.20) | 0.18 | 0.65 (0.36–1.15) | 0.14 |
| Don’t know/no responsea | 5 (22.7) | 17(77.3) | 1.45 (0.45–4.70) | 0.53 | 1.64 (0.45–5.99) | 0.45 |
| When your child catches a cold, will antibiotics help them improve more quickly? | ||||||
| Never | 21 (13.0) | 141 (87.0) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Sometimes | 23 (11.9) | 170 (88.1) | 0.90 (0.48–1.68) | 0.74 | 0.82 (0.42–1.59) | 0.55 |
| Always | 34 (10.2) | 299 (89.8) | 0.77 (0.42–1.39) | 0.39 | 0.70 (0.38–1.30) | 0.26 |
| Don’t know/no response | 7 (13.5) | 45(86.5) | 1.06 (0.40–2.80) | 0.91 | 1.00 (0.36–2.75) | 1.00 |
| When your child is sick with a cold, bad enough that they need to see a doctor, do you wait for a doctor to prescribe antibiotics for your child? | ||||||
| Always | 41 (10.4) | 352 (89.6) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Sometimes | 24 (11.7) | 182 (88.3) | 1.11 (0.65–1.90) | 0.69 | 1.11 (0.64–1.93) | 0.71 |
| Never | 17 (13.7) | 107 (86.3) | 1.35 (0.76–2.40) | 0.31 | 1.38 (0.77–2.46) | 0.28 |
| Don’t know/no response | 3 (17.6) | 14 (82.3) | 1.74 (0.36–8.4) | 0.49 | 1.94 (0.35–10.71) | 0.45 |
| Do you think it is OK to use antibiotics when you feel sick, to help you get better? | ||||||
| Never | 17 (14.8) | 98 (85.2) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Sometimes | 39 (10.4) | 337 (89.6) | 0.65 (0.36–1.19) | 0.16 | 0.61 (0.33–1.11) | 0.10 |
| Always | 26 (11.6) | 199 (88.4) | 0.73 (0.39–1.35) | 0.31 | 0.66 (0.35–1.24) | 0.19 |
| Don’t know/no response | 3 (12.5) | 21 (87.5) | 0.74 (0.15–3.76) | 0.72 | 0.72 (0.13–3.99) | 0.70 |
| If your child has bronchitis and you cannot take them to the doctor quickly, is it an option to go to a pharmacy to get antibiotics? | ||||||
| Never | 52 (12.0) | 380 (88.0) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Sometimes | 15 (11.0) | 121 (89.0) | 0.89 (0.49–1.62) | 0.71 | 0.91 (0.49–1.67) | 0.76 |
| Always | 134 (90.5) | 14 (9.5) | 0.76 (0.41–1.40) | 0.38 | 0.78 (0.41–1.46) | 0.43 |
| Don’t know/no response | 4 (16.7) | 20 (83.3) | 1.46 (0.42–5.12) | 0.55 | 1.76 (0.47–6.59) | 0.40 |
| Do most of your friends think that they should give antibiotics to their children when they have a cold? | ||||||
| Never | 21 (13.2) | 138 (86.8) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Sometimes | 20 (11.9) | 148 (88.1) | 0.85 (0.44–1.63) | 0.63 | 0.84 (0.42–1.67) | 0.61 |
| Always | 179 (89.5) | 21 (10.5) | 0.77 (0.42–1.40) | 0.39 | 0.78 (0.42–1.45) | 0.43 |
| Don’t know/no response | 23 (10.8) | 190 (89.2) | 0.79 (0.43–1.45) | 0.46 | 0.77 (0.41–1.43) | 0.40 |
| Do most of your friends think that they should give antibiotics to their children when they have diarrhea? | ||||||
| Never | 20 (12.8) | 136 (87.2) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Sometimes | 21 (13.2) | 138 (86.8) | 1.02 (0.54–1.92) | 0.96 | 1.07 (0.55–2.07) | 0.85 |
| Always | 22 (11.1) | 177 (88.9) | 0.85 (0.45–1.58) | 0.60 | 0.89 (0.47–1.69) | 0.72 |
| Don’t know/no response | 22 (9.7) | 204 (90.3) | 0.74 (0.40–1.38) | 0.35 | 0.75 (0.40–1.41) | 0.37 |
| Do most of your friends think that they should give antibiotics to children when they have skin irritations? | ||||||
| Never | 21 (13.5) | 135 (86.5) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Sometimes | 20 (12.3) | 143 (87.7) | 0.87 (0.46–1.64) | 0.66 | 0.91 (0.46–1.79) | 0.78 |
| Always | 21 (11.2) | 167 (88.8) | 0.81 (0.44–1.51) | 0.51 | 0.84 (0.44–1.59) | 0.59 |
| Don’t know/no response | 23 (9.9) | 210 (90.1) | 0.71 (0.38–1.30) | 0.27 | 0.71 (0.38–1.33) | 0.29 |
| Do most of your friends go to a pharmacy to buy antibiotics for their children who are ill, without a medical prescription? | ||||||
| Never | 20 (14.1) | 122 (85.9) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Sometimes | 16 (10.3) | 140 (89.7) | 0.67 (0.33 –1.36) | 0.27 | 0.70 (0.34–1.48) | 0.36 |
| Always | 29 (13.6) | 184 (86.4) | 0.98 (0.53–1.78) | 0.94 | 1.04 (0.56–1.96) | 0.89 |
| Don’t know/no response | 20 (8.7) | 209 (91.3) | 0.59 (0.31–1.12) | 0.11 | 0.60 (0.31–1.16) | 0.13 |
| Can antibiotics kill bacteria? | ||||||
| Yes | 29 (9.6) | 273 (90.4) | Ref | Ref | ||
| No | 23 (18.5) | 101 (81.5) | 2.18 (1.20–3.97) | 0.01 | 2.17 (1.18–3.99) | 0.01 |
| Don’t know/no response | 33 (10.5) | 281 (89.5) | 1.12 (0.67–1.90) | 0.66 | 1.09 (0.64–1.85) | 0.75 |
| Can antibiotics kill viruses? | ||||||
| No | 26 (16.5) | 132 (83.5) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 29 (10.4) | 251 (89.6) | 0.59 (0.34–1.04) | 0.07 | 0.56 (0.32–0.97) | 0.04 |
| Don’t know/no response | 30 (9.9) | 272 (90.1) | 0.56 (0.32–0.98) | 0.04 | 0.52 (0.30–0.90) | 0.02 |
Significant associations are bolded
aNon-responses to the survey were decided to be included with those not knowing their response and were included in the model in order to avoid dropping individuals missing data for single questions, for a total of 740 responses
bThe answer deemed as the knowledge, attitude, or practice that is best or is hypothesized to most limit antibiotic use serves as the referent category
cThe questions included in the model as confounders can be found in the methods section