Table 1. Repurposing antivirals with potential ability to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 replication via targeting the viral structural and nonstructural proteins.

Existing antivirals	Chemical structure	Primary use	Potential efficacy on other viruses	Mechanism of action	Study (year)	Ref.
Griffithsin	PubChem SID: 163672929	An alga-derived lectin against HIV	Broad-spectrum antiviral activity against HIV, SARS and MERS	Viral entry inhibition by attachment to the virus surface glycoproteins such as HIV gp120 and SARS-CoV-2 S protein	Lee et al. (2019) Fischer et al. (2019) Ziółkowska et al. (2006) Millet et al. (2016)	[22–25]
Nafamostat	PubChem CID: 4413	A drug for acute pancreatitis	Inhibition the MERS and SARS-CoV-2 life cycle	Inhibiting the host cells protease (TMPRSS2) and virus membrane fusion	Yamamoto et al. (2016)	[28]
Disulfiram	PubChem CID: 3117	A drug for chronic alcoholism	Potential treatment for HIV and inhibition ability for MERS and SARS-CoV-2	Inhibit the viral polyprotein cleavage	Lin et al. (2018) Anand et al. (2003) Lee et al. (2016)	[36–38]
Lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra)	PubChem CID: 92727 PubChem CID: 392622	A drug to treat HIV	Inhibit the replication of the SARS, MERS and SARS-CoV-2	Inhibiting the viral replication by high binding affinity to the viral protease	Chu et al. (2004) Yao et al. (2020) Cao et al. (2020)	[46–48]
Nelfinavir	PubChem CID: 64143	Approved antiretroviral drug against HIV-1	Inhibit the replication of the SARS and SARS-CoV-2	Potential inhibitor against the viral protease such as 3CLpro	Xu et al. (2020) Yamamoto et al. (2004) Ohashi et al. (2020)	[49,50,54]
Danoprevir	PubChem CID: 11285588	A drug for noncirrhotic genotype 1b HCV	Therapeutic potential against SARS-CoV-2	Potential inhibitor against the viral protease such as 3CLpro	Chen et al. (2020)	[58]
Favipiravir (Avigan)	PubChem CID: 492405	A guanine analog flu drug	Activity against many RNA viruses such as influenza virus, yellow fever virus, enterovirus, SARS-CoV-2, …	Selectively inhibit the viral RdRp via tightly binding to the RdRp	Furuta et al. (2009) Furuta et al. (2013) Cai et al. (2020)	[62,63,66]
Ribavirin	PubChem CID: 37542	An approved drug against HCV and RSV	Activity against of MERS and SARS-CoV-2	Inhibition the viral RNA synthesis by viral mRNA capping termination via targeting the viral RdRp	Stockman et al. (2006) Arabi et al. (2020)	[67,68]
Remdesivir	PubChem CID: 121304016	An adenosine analog developed in response to the Ebola virus	Broad-spectrum antiviral activity against a wide range of ssRNA viruses such as SARS, MERS, Marburg, RSV, SARS-CoV-2, etc.	Binds to the viral RdRp and acts as an RNA-chain terminator	Wang et al. (2020) Sheahan et al. (2017) Holshue et al. (2020)	[65,69,71]
Galidesivir	PubChem CID: 10445549	An adenosine analog developed in response to the HCV	Antiviral activity against a wide range of RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV, MER-CoV, Ebola and Marburg	Inhibition the viral RNA polymerase and premature termination of RNA transcription	Westover et al. (2018)	[74]

The chemical structures of existing antivirals provided in Table 1 are derived from ‘PubChem’ database [75]. PubChem CIDs and SID are available in Table 1.

CID: PubChem’s compound identifier; Flu: Influenza; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; RdRp: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; RSV: Respiratory syncytial virus; SID: PubChem’s substance identifier; TMPRSS2: Transmembrane protease serine 2.