Table 1.
Basic Characteristics of the Included Studies
| Author | Year | Country | Population Characteristic | Mean Age | Intervention (T) | Control© | Intent-ion to treat | Per protocol (Qigong/ Control) | Trial Duration | Amount of practice | Duration of Qigong | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lee et al | 2003 | Korea | Essential hypertension | T: 55.8 ± 6.3 C: 57.1 ± 7.6 | Shuxin-pingxue gong | Wait-list control | 65 | 58 (29/29) | 8 weeks | Not mention-ed | 30 min/d included the warming-up (5 minutes), the Qigong (20 min) and the cool-down exercise (5 min) | Qigong may stabilize the sympathetic nervous system, improve ventilatory functions and reduce BP positively in mildly hypertensive middle-aged patients |
| Lee et al | 2004 | Korea | Essential hypertension | T: 52.6 ± 5.1 C: 54.3 ± 5.5 | Shuxin-pingxue gong | Wait-list control | 46 | 36 (17/19) | 8 weeks | Twice per week | 30 min/d, including warm-up (5 minutes), the qigong exercise (20 min), and cool-down exercises (5 min) | Qigong has positive effects on reducing BP and enhancing perceptions of self-efficacy |
| Cheung et al | 2005 | Hong Kong | Essential hypertension | T: 57.2 ± 9.5 C: 51.2 ± 7.4 | Guolin Qigong | Conventional exercise: 60 min in the morning and 15 min in the evening/d | 91 | 76 (37/39) | 16 weeks | Daily | 60 min in the morning and 15 min in the evening/d | There is no significant difference in the effects of qigong and conventional exercise on BP in patients with mild hypertension |
| Ji-eun Park et al | 2014 | Korea | Pre-hypertension and mild hypertension. | 52.0 (43.0, 61.0) | Qigong | No interventi-on | 44 | 40 (19/21) | 8 weeks | More than 2 times per week | 30 min per session | Qigong presented statistically significant effects compared with no treatment in decreasing BP for prehypertension and mild essential hypertension |
| Chen D | 2016 | Beijing | Essential hypertension | 66.3 ± 5.8 | Mawangdui Daoyinshu Qigong (MDQ) | No interventi-on | 60 | 60 (30/30) | 6 months | Five times per week | warm-up (5 min), the Qigong exercise (34 min), and a cool-down (5 min | MDQ may have the potential to improve SBP, DBP, HDL-C, LDL-C, TPR, FG, serum NO, and plasma ET-1. |
| Xiao et al | 2016 | Beijing | Essential hypertension | 65.6 ± 7.8 | Ba Duan Jin Qigong | No interventi-on | 48 | 48 (24/24) | 6 months | Five times per week | 5-min warm-up, 30 min of Qigong exercise, and a 5-min cool-down. | Ba Duan Jin Qigong exercise may have the potential to improve SBP, DBP, HDL-C, LDL-C, TC, triglycerides, fasting glucose, serum NO, and plasma ET-1. |
| Ji-Eun Park et al | 2017 | Korea | Pre-hypertension and mild hypertension. | 54.52 ± 6.96 | Dongeui Qigong | No interventi-on | 74 | 52 (25/27) | 12 weeks | More than five times a week | Qigong class lasted 50 min,consisted of a warm-up (15 min),main qigong treatment (25 min), and a cool-down (10 min) | Dongeui qigong treatment for 12 weeks is not significantly effective in prehypertension and mild hypertension compared with no treatment |
Data are presented in mean ± standard deviation or (minimum value, maximum value), T Treatment group, C control group