Table 1.

Characteristics of included trials.

	Wang [5]	Beigel [7]	Spinner [8]	Pan (Solidarity) [9]
Centers	10 sites in Wuhan, China	60 sites and 13 subsites in the United States, Mexico, Europe, and Asia	105 sites in the United States, Europe, and Asia	405 sites in 30 countries (all over the world)
Number of patients	236	1063	584	5451
Enrollment initiation	February 2020	February 2020	March 2020	March 2020
Enrollment completion	March 2020	April 2020	April 2020	October 2020
Date of publication	April 2020	May 2020	August 2020	November 2020 (preprint)
Population	Patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection with an interval from symptom onset to enrolment of 12 days or less, and evidence of pneumonia	Patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection with evidence of lower respiratory tract involvement	Patients hospitalized with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and moderate COVID-19 pneumonia (pulmonary infiltrates and room-air oxygen saturation > 94%)	Patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection
Trial type	Double-blind; multicenter; RCT	Double-blind; multicenter; RCT	Open-label; multicenter; RCT	Open-label; multicenter; RCT
Inclusion criteria	•Aged ≥ 18 years old •SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by PCR •Radiographic infiltrates •SpO2 ≤ 94% on room air or a ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen of 300 mmHg or less, •Interval from symptom onset to enrolment of 12 days or less •Practicing heterosexual abstinence or using study-specified contraception during the study period and for at least 7 days after the last study drug administration	•Aged ≥ 18 years old •SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by PCR ≤ 3 days before randomization (then expanded due to limitation in testing capacity) •Radiographic infiltrates •SpO2 ≤ 94% on room air, or requiring supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). •Practicing heterosexual abstinence or using study-specified contraception	•Aged ≥ 18 or aged ≥ 12 and < 18 years of age but weighing ≥ 40 kg (parents to sign the consent) SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by PCR ≤ 4 days before randomization •Radiographic infiltrates •SpO2 > 94% on room air at screening Radiographic infiltrates •Hospitalized and requiring medical care for COVID-19 •Practicing heterosexual abstinence or using study-specified contraception	•Aged ≥ 18 years old •SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by PCR •Hospitalized and requiring medical care for COVID-19 •Not anticipated to be transferred within 72 h
Exclusion criteria	•Enrollment into an investigational treatment study for COVID-19 in the 30 days before screening. •Hepatic cirrhosis •ALT or AST > 5 × ULN •Glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min per 1.73 m or receipt of renal replacement therapy •Pregnant woman •Breastfeeding woman •Anticipated discharge or transfer to another hospital within 72 h	•Concurrent treatment with other agents with antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 •ALT or AST > 5 x ULN •Impaired renal function or need for hemodialysis or hemofiltration •Pregnant woman •Breastfeeding woman •Hypersensitivity to the study drug •Anticipated discharge or transfer to another hospital within 72 h	•Concurrent treatment with other agents with antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 •Requiring mechanical ventilation at screening •ALT or AST > 5 × ULN •Creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min •Pregnant woman •Breastfeeding woman •Hypersensitivity to the study drug	•Patients without clear consent to follow-up •Contraindication per physician's evaluation •Received hydroxychloroquine, Lopinavir-Ritonavir or Interferon
Randomization sequence	SAS software, version 9.4 (Stratified)	Interactive web response system	Interactive web response system	Cloud-based GCP-compliant clinical data management system)
Treatments	•Remdesivir (10-day course) •Standard care (placebo)	•Remdesivir (10-day course) •Standard care (placebo)	•Remdesivir (5-day course) •Remdesivir (10-day course) •Standard care	•Remdesivir (10-day course) •Standard care
Primary outcome	Time to clinical improvement (two-point reduction in patients' admission status on a six-point ordinal scale, or live discharge from the hospital, whichever came first) within 28 days after randomization	The time to recovery, defined by either discharge from the hospital or hospitalization for infection control purposes only	Clinical status assessed on the 7-point ordinal scale on study day 11	All-cause mortality
Results of the primary outcome	Remdesivir was not superior to placebo in shortening time to clinical improvement	Remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery	Remdesivir (5-day course) was superior to standard care in terms of care associated with higher odds of better clinical status	Remdesivir was not superior to standard care in reducing all-cause mortality
Follow up	28 days	29 days	28 days	28 days
Funding	National Key Research and Development Program of China	National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others	Gilead Sciences	World health organization and participating countries

ALT = Alanine aminotransferase; AST = Aspartate aminotransferase; COVID-19 = Coronavirus Disease 2019; PCR = Polymerase chain reaction; SARS-CoV-2 = severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; ULN=Upper limit of normal.