Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Liver Injury (Cohort 1) and Without Liver Injury (Cohort 2)
| Variables | Overall | Cohort 1 | Cohort 2 | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I. Total numbert of observations (% of total) | 348 (100%) | 184 (52.9%) | 164 (47.2%) | |
| II. Demographic characteristic | ||||
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 61.5 ± 15.3 | 62.7 ± 14.7 | 60.2 ± 15.8 | 0.1 |
| Sex, number (%) | 0.001 | |||
| Female | 175 (50.3%) | 77 (41.8%) | 98 (59.8) | |
| Male | 173(49.7%) | 107(58.1%) | 66 (40.2%) | |
| Race, number (%) | 0.7 | |||
| White | 47 (13.5%) | 24 (13.0%) | 23 (14.0%) | |
| Black | 260 (74.7%) | 136 (73.9%) | 124 (75.6%) | |
| Others | 41 (11.8%) | 24 (13.0%) | 17 (10.4%) | |
| BMI, number (%) | 0.6 | |||
| <30 kg/m2 | 133 (38.2%) | 66 (35.9%) | 67 (40.9%) | |
| 30‐40 kg/m2 | 137 (39.4%) | 77 (41.8%) | 60 (36.6%) | |
| >40 kg/m2 | 78 (22.4%) | 41 (22.3%) | 37 (22.6%) | |
| III. Symptoms at admission, number (%) | ||||
| Fever | 237 (68.1%) | 129 (70.1%) | 108 (65.9%) | 0.5 |
| Cough | 261 (75.0%) | 142 (77.2%) | 119 (72.6%) | 0.4 |
| Shortness of breath | 239 (68.7%) | 129 (70.1%) | 110 (67.1%) | 0.6 |
| Chills | 149 (42.8%) | 78 (42.4%) | 71 (43.3%) | 1.0 |
| Myalgias | 145 (41.7%) | 75 (40.8%) | 70 (42.7%) | 0.8 |
| Headache | 56 (16.1%) | 30 (16.3%) | 26 (15.9%) | 1.0 |
| Nasal congestion | 74 (21.3%) | 40 (21.7%) | 34 (20.7%) | 0.9 |
| Loss of smell | 8 (2.3%) | 5 (2.7%) | 3 (1.8%) | 0.5 |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms | 183 (52.6%) | 96 (52.2%) | 87 (53.0%) | 1.0 |
| Nausea | 88 (25.3%) | 44 (23.9%) | 44 (26.8%) | 0.6 |
| Vomiting | 53 (15.2%) | 27 (14.7%) | 26 (15.9%) | 0.9 |
| Abdominal pain | 56 (16.1%) | 30 (16.3%) | 26 (15.9%) | 1.0 |
| Anorexia | 100 (28.7%) | 56 (30.4%) | 44 (26.8%) | 0.5 |
| Loss of taste | 2 (0.6%) | 2 (1.15%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.5 |
| Diarrhea | 100 (28.7%) | 54 (29.3%) | 46 (28.0%) | 0.9 |
| IV. Comorbidities, number (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 260 (74.7%) | 137 (74.5%) | 123 (75.0%) | 1.0 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 161 (46.3%) | 84 (45.7%) | 77 (47.0%) | 0.9 |
| Cardiovascular disease (CAD or CHF) | 84 (24.1%) | 36 (19.6%) | 48 (29.3%) | 0.05 |
| Kidney disease (CKD or ESRD) | 175 (50.6%) | 99 (54.4%) | 76 (46.3%) | 0.2 |
| Respiratory illness (COPD or asthma) | 112 (32.6%) | 56 (30.8%) | 56 (34.6%) | 0.5 |
| History of liver disease | 19 (5.5%) | 8 (4.3%) | 11 (6.7%) | 0.66 |
| Cirrhosis | 3 (0.9%) | 2 (1.1%) | 1 (0.6%) | 1.0 |
| Fatty liver on prior imaging | 37 (10.6%) | 17 (9.2%) | 20 (12.2%) | 0.08 |
| V. Medications, number (%) | ||||
| Aspirin | 123 (35.3%) | 61 (33.2%) | 62 (37.8%) | 0.4 |
| NSAIDs | 63 (18.1%) | 41 (22.3%) | 22 (13.4%) | 0.05 |
| ACEi/angiotensin receptor blockers | 80 (21.9%) | 41 (25%) | 38 (20.7%) | 0.4 |
| Statin | 147 (42.2%) | 72 (39.1%) | 75 (45.7%) | 0.3 |
| VI. Laboratory data, median (interquartile range) | ||||
| White blood cell count, K/µL | 5.8 (4.2, 7.5) | 6.1 (4.6, 7.7) | 5.5 (3.9, 7.3) | 0.05 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.2 (11.8, 14.4) | 13.6 (12.2, 14.6) | 12.5 (11.5, 13.9) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophil count, K/µL | 4.6 (3.1, 6.7) | 4.8 (3.5, 7.2) | 4.3 (2.9, 6.2) | 0.08 |
| Lymphocyte count, K/µL | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 0.6 |
| Platelet count, K/µL | 177.0 (144.0, 227.5) | 171.0 (142.0, 218.0) | 182.5 (148.0, 236.5) | 0.1 |
| AST, IU/L, mean (SD) | 49.8 (8.9) | 71.6 (59.5) | 25.3 (6.0) | <0.001 |
| ALT, IU/L, mean (SD) | 31.4 (30.5) | 43.6 (37.1) | 17.8 (9.00) | <0.001 |
| Maximum AST during admission, IU/L | 57.00 (35.00, 100.00) | 77.00 (54.00, 116.75) | 35.00 (26.00, 57.25) | <0.001 |
| Maximum ALT during admission, IU/L | 40.00 (22.00, 77.75) | 61.00 (33.00, 92.00) | 23.50 (17.75, 48.50) | <0.001 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.8) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) | <0.001 |
| Albumin, mg/dL | 3.5 (3.2, 3.8) | 3.5 (3.2, 3.8) | 3.5 (3.2, 3.8) | 0.6 |
| INR, mean (SD) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 0.7 |
| INR <1 | 47 (13.5%) | 23 (12.5%) | 24 (14.6%) | 0.001 |
| INR ≥1 | 226 (64.9%) | 135 (73.4%) | 91 (55.5%) | |
| No value available | 75 (21.6%) | 26 (14.1%) | 49 (29.9%) | |
| PT, seconds | 13.70 (13.10, 14.45) | 13.70 (13.10, 14.43) | 13.60 (12.90, 14.45) | 0.805 |
| PTT, seconds | 32.0 (29.0, 36.5) | 32.0 (29.0, 36.0) | 32.0 (28.0, 37.0) | 0.9 |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 1.3 (1.0, 1.8) | 1.4 (1.1, 2.0) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | <0.001 |
| Procalcitonin, number (%) | ||||
| <0.25 ng/mL | 197 (56.6%) | 96 (52.2%) | 101 (61.6%) | 0.001 |
| >0.25 ng/mL | 115 (33.0%) | 76 (41.3%) | 39 (23.8%) | |
| No value available | 36 (10.3%) | 12 (6.5%) | 24 (14.6%) | |
| LDH, IU/L | 336.0 (253.0, 467.5) | 408.5 (326.0, 528.5) | 261.0 (219.0, 333.5) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine phosphokinase, IU/L | 183.0 (93.0, 441.5) | 322.0 (132.0, 644.5) | 115.5 (69.3, 218.8) | <0.001 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 9.2 (4.6, 14.3) | 11.4 (6.9, 15.7) | 6.1 (2.2, 11.2) | <0.001 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 537.0 (228.5, 1,181.0) | 763.0 (361.0, 1,382.8) | 344.0 (144.0, 710.5) | <0.001 |
| D‐dimer, µg/mL | 1.1 (0.7, 2.1) | 1.2 (0.8, 2.9) | 1.00 (0.5, 1.5) | <0.001 |
| High sensitivity troponin, number (%) | ||||
| <0.18 ng/L | 43 (12.4%) | 16 (8.7%) | 27 (16.5%) | 0.04 |
| >0.18 ng/L | 288 (82.8%) | 161 (87.5%) | 127 (77.4%) | |
| No value available | 17 (4.9%) | 7 (3.8%) | 10 (6.1%) | |
| VII. Inpatient complications, number (%) | ||||
| Thromboembolic event | 22 (6.3%) | 15 (8.2%) | 7 (4.3%) | 0.2 |
| Septic shock | 66 (19.0%) | 44 (23.9%) | 22 (13.4%) | 0.02 |
| AKI requiring dialysis | 24 (7.0%) | 16 (8.8%) | 8 (5.0%) | 0.2 |
| Intensive care unit stay | 136 (39.1%) | 96 (52.2%) | 40 (24.4%) | <0.001 |
| Ventilator‐dependent respiratory failure | 120 (34.5%) | 85 (46.2%) | 35 (21.3%) | <0.001 |
| Length of stay, mean days | 11 | 14 | 9 | <0.001 |
| VIII. Inpatient medications, number (%) | ||||
| Antibiotic use | 277 (79.4%) | 156 (84.7%) | 121 (73.8%) | 0.03 |
| Systemic steroids | 225 (64.8%) | 135 (73.4%) | 90 (55.2%) | 0.001 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 279 (80.2%) | 156 (84.8%) | 123 (75.0%) | 0.03 |
| Remdesivir or tocilizumab | 32 (9.2%) | 23 (12.5%) | 9 (5.5%) | 0.04 |
Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD, end‐stage renal disease; INR, international normalized ratio; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug; PT, prothrombin time; PTT, partial thromboplastin time.