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. 2021 Jan 4;9:e10445. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10445

Table 2. A Posteriori comparison of tail hC levels of six captive elephants with biological events recorded by keepers at the KCZ and KOZ.

The table lists the hC levels (minimum, mean, and maximum values) corresponding to the biological events (as recorded by the keepers at the respective zoos) for each animal.

S.No. Study animal hC levels (ng/gm) hC levels corresponding to biological events
Minimum Mean (SD) Maximum Date (refer Figs. 1 & 2) hC levels (ng/gm) Stressors: Biologically ‘stressful’ events
I Mito 4.53 58.55 (106.01) 485.12 (a) July-2016 6.58 Psychosocial: Reluctant behaviour towards entering her enclosure
(b) Aug to Sept-2016 5.92 to 100.45 Psychosocial: Reluctant behaviour in entering the enclosure; Anaemic
Pathological: Bleeding toe; antibiotic and trimming treatment
Social: Interaction with four elephants through fence; slight aggression
(c) Nov to Dec-2016 101.57 to 205.27 Pathological: Symptoms of colic infection (along with anorexia)
(d) Jan to March-2017 45.91 to 485.12 Pathological: After effects of colic infection
Social: Interaction with four elephants
(e) April-2017 60.09 Practice: Semi-protected (early to mid of April) and protected contacts trial (Late April) with 4 elephants
II Tonkun 10.06 53.62 (65.96) 166.72 (f) Nov-2017 166.72 Reproductive: Observed signs of ‘estrus’ in early November
Pathological: Skin defect observed on the nostril septum
III Bunnyun 1.25 5.03 (7.58) 20.45 (g) Nov-2017 20.45 Reproductive: ‘Followed’ by Tonkamu and attempts of mounting
IV Kampart 42.04 96.41 (43.22) 151.81 (h) Dec-2017 to Jan-2018 127.10 to 151.81 Pathological: Oral sores
Peri-anal lesion (diameter = 0.5 cm)
(i) Jan to Feb-2018 151.81 to 81.30 Practice: Training for 5 individuals to share the space
(j) March-2018 79.82 Pathological: Skin abrasion and slight swelling on left forelimb
V Tonkamu 7.15 36.27 (39.47) 131.21 (k) Oct to Nov- 2017 131.21 to 25.57 Reproductive/Social: ‘Following’ behaviour towards females
(l) Jan to Feb- 2018 13.90 to 23.96 Pathological: Nostril infection
VI Mito (minced samples) 2.6 10.88 (7.68) 33.39 (c) Nov to Dec-2016 14.41 Pathological: Symptoms of colic infection (along with anorexia)
(d & e) March to April- 2017 9.74 to 14.40 Pathological: After effects of colic infection
Social: Interaction with four elephants
Practice: Semi-protected (early to mid of April) and protected contact trials (Late April) with 4 elephants
VII Zuze (minced samples) 3.43 9.28 (6.31) 23.00 (m) April to June-2017 7.85 Psychosocial: Her calf was brought to Kobe Oji Zoo
(n) July to Sept-2017 8.33 to 15.70 Psychosocial: Her calf was transferred back to the previous zoo.