Table 3. GC-MS analysis of VA-C leaves extracts, their molecular formula, nature and biological activities.
| No | Compound name | Peak area % | Molecular formula | Compound nature and biological activities | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethanol | Methanol | Water | ||||
| 1 | 4,5-Dichloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one | 7.43 | 7.45 | 1.39 | C3H2Cl2O3 | No report was found |
| 2 | Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy- | 2.13 | 3.95 | 5.99 | C7H6O3 | Phenolic compounds (Eseyin et al., 2018) |
| 3 | 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural | 1.18 | 1.61 | 0.82 | C6H6O3 | Organic compound Antioxidant and Antiproliferative (Ibrahim, Ali & Zage, 2016) |
| 4 | Phenol | 1.12 | 1.73 | 1.41 | C6H5OH | Phenolic compound, antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities (Özçelik, Kartal & Orhan, 2011) |
| 5 | 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy- | 0.75 | 0.82 | 1.41 | C6H8O4 | Flavonoids, Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial activity (Neeraj, Vasudeva & Sharma, 2019) |
| 6 | Catechol | 0.50 | 0.57 | 1.14 | C6H4(OH)2 | Polyhydric phenol, antiviral, antimicrobial activities (Özçelik, Kartal & Orhan, 2011) |
| 7 | Benzeneacetaldehyd, alpha-methyl- | 0.35 | 0.65 | 1.26 | C9H10O | Hydrotropic aldehyde |
| 8 | Benzeneacetic acid, 4-hydroxy3-methoxy, | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.58 | C10H12O4 | No report was found |
| 9 | Pentanal | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.88 | C5H10O | alkyl aldehyde, Inhibition bacteria (Lamba, 2007) |
| 10 | Squalene | 0.13 | 0.37 | 0.40 | C30H50 | Terpenoid, Anticandidal activity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agent (Ghimire et al., 2016; Zore et al., 2011) |
| 11 | Maltol | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.77 | C6H6O3 | Antimicrobial activity (Saud, Pokhrel & Yadav, 2019) |
| 12 | 1H-Benzocyclohepten-7-ol,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8- | 0.36 | 0.12 | 0.11 | C15H26O | Sesquiterpenids (Solanki, Singh & Sood, 2018) |
| 13 | n-Hexadecanoic acid | 0.70 | 0.56 | 0.96 | C16H32O2 | Palmitic saturated Fatty acid ester, antimicrobial, antitumor activities, antioxidant, pesticide, nematicide, antiandrogenic and hypochloesterolemi (Tyagi & Agarwal, 2017; Karthikeyan et al., 2014; Sermakkani & Thangapandian, 2012;) |
| 14 | 3,5-Octadienoic acid, 7-hydroxy-2-methyl | 0.85 | 1.04 | – | C9H14O3 | No report was found |
| 15 | Eugenol | 0.39 | 0.36 | – | C10H12O2 | Phenolic compounds, antimicrobial activity, insecticide nematicide and food additive (Tan & Nishida, 2012; Johny et al., 2010) |
| 16 | 1,2,3-Benzenetriol | 0.56 | 0.67 | – | C6H6O3 | No report was found. |
| 17 | Propylphosphonic acid, di(2-ethylhexyl) ester | 2.57 | 1.18 | – | C21H40O4 | Ester |
| 18 | Methylparaben | 0.39 | 0.28 | – | C8H8O3 | Antimicrobial activity, food preservative, added to cosmetic products, and pharmaceutical products (Mincea et al., 2009) |
| 19 | 1H-Cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol, decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene | 1.21 | 1.04 | – | C15H24O | No report was found |
| 20 | Triacetin | 0.19 | 0.27 | – | C9H14O6 | Triester of glycerin and acetic acid |
| 21 | 5-(1-Isopropenyl-4,5-dimethylbicyclo [4.3.0] | 1.13 | 0.87 | – | C22H36O2 | No report was found |
| 22 | 2,4-Cholestadien-1-one | 1.72 | 0.96 | – | C27H42O | No report was found |
| 23 | Phytol | 3.31 | 1.81 | – | C20H40O | Diterpene, antiviral and antimicrobial activities (Özçelik, Kartal & Orhan, 2011) |
| 24 | 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z, Z,Z)- | 1.18 | 0.90 | – | C18H30O2 | Linolenic Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, anti–inflammatory (Sermakkani & Thangapandian, 2012) |
| 25 | Cedran-diol, (8S,14)- | 0.13 | 0.52 | – | C15H26O2 | No report was found |
| 26 | 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol | 1.11 | 1.34 | – | C20H40O | Terpene Alcohol, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti–inflammatory and flavoring agent (Shibula & Velavan, 2015; Jegadeeswari et al., 2012; Sermakkani & Thangapandian, 2012) |
| 27 | Spiro [4.5] dec-9-en-1-ol,1,6,6,10-tetramethyl | 0.54 | 0.39 | – | C14H24O | No report was found |
| 28 | Dodeca-1,6-dien-12-ol, 6,10-dimethyl | 1.57 | 1.57 | – | C14H26O | No report was found |
| 29 | Octadecanoic acid | 0.51 | – | 0.22 | C17H35CO2H | Stearic saturated fatty acid |
| 30 | Benzenediazonium, 2-hydroxy-, hydroxide, i | 0.86 | – | 1.17 | C6H5N2O | No report was found |
| 31 | Vitamin E | – | 0.39 | 0.36 | C29H50O2 | Lipid, antibacterial, anti-alzheimer, antiaging and antioxidant (Kumaravel, Muthukumaran & Shanmugapriya, 2017; Al-Marzoqi, Hadi & Hameed, 2016; Shahina et al., 2016; Al-Salih et al., 2013) |
| 32 | Cedrol | – | 0.22 | 0.12 | C15H26O | sesquiterpene alcohol |
| 33 | gamma-Sitosterol | – | 0.89 | 0.56 | C29H50O | Steroid, antidiabetic drug (Tripathi et al., 2013) |
| 34 | Paromomycin | – | 0.12 | 0.22 | C23H45N5O14 | Treatment of diarrhea and protozoa infections (Olajuyigbe et al., 2018) |
| 35 | Heptanal | 0.20 | – | – | C7H14O | aldehyde antibacterial activity (Lamba, 2007) |
| 36 | Ionone | 0.33 | – | – | C13H20O | Sesquiterpenoids, antimicrobial agents (Sharma et al., 2012) |
| 37 | Chloroxylenol | 0.16 | – | – | C8H9OCl | phenols with antiseptic activity, It is used in the manufacture of disinfectants and sterilizers (McDonnell, 2009) |
| 38 | 1-Heptadecene | 0.22 | – | – | C17H34 | unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons |
| 39 | Undecanal | 0.25 | – | – | C10H21CHO | fatty aldehyde lipid molecule |
| 40 | 1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro-1,1,2,3,3-pentamethyl | 9.63 | – | – | C14H20 | No report was found |
| 41 | Epiglobulol | 0.97 | – | – | C15H26O | Alcohol |
| 42 | tau-Cadinol | 1.64 | – | – | C15H26O | No report was found |
| 43 | alpha-Cadinol | 0.38 | – | – | C15H26O | Antifungal activity (Cheng et al., 2012) |
| 44 | Phytol, acetate | 0.37 | – | – | C22H42O2 | Food additive, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antidiuretic properties (Sermakkani & Thangapandian, 2012) |
| 45 | 1S,2S,5R-1,4,4-Trimethyltricyclo [6.3.1.0(2,5) | 1.26 | – | – | C15H24 | No report was found |
| 46 | beta-iso-Methyl ionone | 0.39 | – | – | C14H22O | No report was found |
| 47 | Longipinane, (E)- | 0.41 | – | – | C15H24 | No report was found |
| 48 | (-)-Isolongifolol, methyl ether | 0.70 | – | – | C16H28O | Ether |
| 49 | Taraxasterol | 0.07 | – | – | C30H50O | Anti-tumor and chemopreventive activity (Ovesná, Vachálková & Horváthová, 2004) |
| 50 | S-Methyl methanethiosulphonate | 0.07 | – | – | CH3SO2SCH3 | Ester, Antimutagenic agent and antimicrobial activity (Joller et al., 2020; Miguel et al., 2016) |
| 51 | 1-Heptatriacotanol | 0.23 | – | – | C37H76O | Fatty alcohol |
| 52 | 2-Vinylfuran | 0.83 | C6H6O | Antimicrobial activity (Drobnica & Sturdík, 1980) | ||
| 53 | Salicyl hydrazide | – | 0.39 | – | C7H8N2O2 | Phenolic compounds, antimicrobial activity, Anti-inflammatory (Madan & Levitt, 2014) |
| 54 | Isobutyl 4-hydroxybenzoate | – | 8.91 | – | C11H14O3 | No report was found |
| 55 | Methyl(ethenyl)bis(but-3-en-1-ynyl) silane | – | 1.62 | – | C7H16Si | No report was found |
| 56 | beta Carotene | – | 0.16 | – | C40H56 | Carotenoids used as food, nutrition, antioxidant, disease control, and antimicrobial agents (Kirti et al., 2014) |
| 57 | 17-Norkaur-15-ene, 13-methyl-, (8.beta.,13.b | – | 1.05 | – | C20H32 | No report was found |
| 58 | 3-Hydroxy-2-(2-methylcyclohex-1-enyl) propan- | – | 1.48 | – | C10H16O2 | No report was found |
| 59 | Cyclopropanebutanoic acid, 2-[[2-[[2-[(2-pen | – | 1.20 | – | C11H22N2O4 | No report was found |
| 60 | Cholan-24-oic acid, methyl ester, (5.beta.)- | – | 1.56 | – | C25H40O3 | No report was found |
| 61 | Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate, (3.beta.)- | – | 1.12 | – | C32H52O2 | No report was found |
| 62 | geranyl-.alpha.-terpinene | – | 0.80 | – | C20H32 | Terpinene |
| 63 | Tungsten, tricarbonyl-(2,5-norbornadiene) | – | – | 1.32 | C14H16 | No report was found |
| 64 | 1,2-Cyclopentanedione | – | – | 1.21 | C7H10O2 | Prevents gastrointestinal tumor growth (Neeraj, Vasudeva & Sharma, 2019) |
| 65 | 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 2-hydroxy-3-methyl- | – | – | 0.34 | C6H8O2 | No report was found |
| 66 | 1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1-acetate | – | – | 1.23 | C5H10O4 | No report was found |
| 67 | Acetoacetic acid, 3-thio-, benzyl ester | – | – | 0.16 | C11H12O2 | No report was found |
| 68 | trans-Z-.alpha.-Bisabolene epoxide | – | – | 1.11 | C15H24O | No report was found |
| 69 | 2-Hydroxyoctanoic acid | – | – | 0.62 | C8H16O3 | No report was found |
| 70 | 1-Tetradecene | – | – | 0.67 | C14H28 | Antimicrobial activity (Naragani et al., 2016) |
| 71 | Benzoic acid, 4-methoxy- | – | – | 0.69 | C8H8O3 | No report was found |
| 72 | Chlorozotocin | – | – | 0.20 | C9H16ClN3O7 | No report was found |
| 73 | 2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-6-oxabicyclo [3.1.0] hex | – | – | 1.51 | C10H16O2 | No report was found |
| 74 | Quinic acid | – | – | 2.96 | C7H12O6 | Anti-viral activity (Özçelik, Kartal & Orhan, 2011) |
| 75 | 3-Methylindene-2-carboxylic acid | – | – | 1.11 | C11H10O2 | No report was found |
| 76 | O, O-Dibutyl S-(2-acetamidoethylmercapto) p | – | – | 1.32 | C12H22O4 | No report was found |
| 77 | 3-Deoxy-d-mannonic acid | – | – | 1.21 | C6H12O6 | No report was found |
| 78 | Cyclooctane-1,4-diol, cis | – | – | 0.44 | C8H16O2 | No report was found |
| 79 | cis, cis, cis-7,10,13-Hexadecatrienal | – | – | 0.58 | C16H26O | Unsaturated fatty aldehyde |
| 80 | 10-Iodo-7-oxa-2-thia-tricyclo [4.3.1.0(3,8)]de | – | – | 1.08 | C8H11IOS | No report was found |
| 81 | Bicyclo [6.1.0] nonane, 9-(1-methylethylidene | – | – | 3.66 | C12H20 | No report was found |
| 82 | Inositol | – | – | 0.15 | C6H12O6 | Essential nutrient, Cancer chemoprevention agent, treatment for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and insulin sensitizing agent (Carlomagno & Unfer, 2011) |
| 83 | Xylose | – | – | 0.15 | C5H10O5 | Pentose sugar (Huntley & Patience, 2018) |
| 84 | Scyllo-Inositol | – | – | 1.18 | C6H12O6 | treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (Ma, Thomason & McLaurin, 2012) |
| 85 | 2,4-Pentadien-1-ol, 3-pentyl-, (2Z)- | – | – | 0.94 | C10H18O | No report was found |
| 86 | Widdrol hydroxyether | – | – | 0.23 | C15H26O2 | No report was found |
| 87 | Stigmasterol | – | – | 0.21 | C29H48O | Steroid, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antiarthritic, antiasthma, anti-inflammatory, diuretic (Tyagi & Agarwal, 2017; Kumar, Vasantha & Mohan, 2014) |
| 88 | beta.-Amyrin | – | – | 0.43 | C30H50O | Triterpenes, anti-inflammatory (Okoye et al., 2014) |
| 89 | 5,5′-Dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethyl-2,2′-binaphthal | – | – | 1.31 | C17H14O6 | No report was found |
| 90 | Lanosterol | – | – | 0.22 | C30H50O | Sterol, essential components of eukaryotic cells (Wei, Yin & Welander, 2016) |
| 91 | Betulin | – | – | 0.58 | C30H50O2 | Anti-Viral and anti-tumour (Tolstikov et al., 2005) |
| 92 | alpha-Tocopheryl acetate | – | – | 0.23 | C31H52O3 | Antimicrobial activity (Bidossi et al., 2017) |
| 93 | Geldanamycin | – | – | 0.33 | C29H40N2O9 | Chemotherapeutic agents (Da Rocha, Lopes & Schwartsmann, 2001) |
| 94 | Dihydrosteviobiside | – | – | 0.26 | C32H52O13 | No report was found |
| 95 | Bronopol | – | – | 0.10 | C3H6BrNO4 | Antimicrobial activity (Birkbeck et al., 2006; Treasurer, Cochrane & Grant, 2005) |
| Total compounds for each solvent | 47 | 43 | 52 | |||