Table 3.

Cerebrovascular hemodynamics in young/premenopausal and older/postmenopausal males and females

	Young/Premenopausal		Older/Postmenopausal		Effects, p(partial-η2)
	Male (n = 53)	Female (n = 61)	Male (n = 78)	Female (n = 70)	Age	Sex	Age×sex
Common carotid artery
Diameter, mm	5.73 ± 0.52	5.10 ± 0.42	5.75 ± 0.55	5.36 ± 0.51	0.03 (0.02)	<0.001 (0.20)	0.053 (0.01)
IMT, mm	0.48 ± 0.12	0.49 ± 0.12	0.70 ± 0.13	0.66 ± 0.10	<0.001 (0.40)	0.27 (0.01)	0.07 (0.01)
Pulse pressure, mmHg	38 ± 7	32 ± 8*	37 ± 7	38 ± 10†	0.01 (0.02)	<0.01 (0.04)	<0.001 (0.05)
Pulsatility index	1.66 ± 0.34	1.39 ± 0.27	1.47 ± 0.26	1.26 ± 0.21	<0.001 (0.08)	<0.001 (0.17)	0.70 (0.00)
W1, mmHg/m/s3	7.3 ± 3.2	5.3 ± 2.2*	6.7 ± 3.0	6.2 ± 3.2	0.79 (0.00)	<0.001 (0.05)	0.03 (0.02)
Negative area, mmHg/m/s2	32.9 ± 19.1	28.4 ± 16.3	26.3 ± 15.8	23.5 ± 14.0	0.001 (0.05)	0.054 (0.01)	0.90 (0.00)
RIx	4.8 ± 2.1	5.8 ± 2.8	4.3 ± 2.2	4.2 ± 2.2	<0.001 (0.05)	0.30 (0.00)	0.11 (0.01)
W2, mmHg/m/s3	1.6 ± 1.0	1.5 ± 0.9*	1.8 ± 0.8	1.7 ± 1.1	0.79 (0.00)	<0.001 (0.05)	0.03 (0.02)
Systolic pressure, mmHg	114 ± 10	106 ± 13*	116 ± 11	117 ± 14†	<0.001 (0.06)	0.01 (0.02)	<0.01 (0.04)
PWV-β, m/s	5.3 ± 1.0	4.6 ± 1.0*	6.2 ± 1.3†	6.2 ± 1.2†	<0.001 (0.26)	<0.01 (0.03)	<0.01 (0.03)
Middle cerebral artery
Pulsatility index	0.73 ± 0.12	0.73 ± 0.08	0.82 ± 0.12	0.86 ± 0.14	<0.001 (0.18)	0.17 (0.01)	0.29 (0.00)
Mean velocity, cm/s	64 ± 11	74 ± 13*	55 ± 13†	57 ± 15†	<0.001 (0.20)	<0.001 (0.04)	0.02 (0.02)
Pulsatile damping	2.29 ± 0.41	1.92 ± 0.39	1.81 ± 0.32	1.47 ± 0.23	<0.001 (0.32)	<0.001 (0.22)	0.63 (0.00)

Values are means ± SD. CCA, common carotid artery; RIx, reflection index; PWV, pulse wave velocity; cf, carotid-femoral.

^*P < 0.05 vs. within-age males;

^†P < 0.05 vs. young within-sex.