Fig. 3.

The epoch mean, the modulation amplitude, and the modulation phase characterize the respiratory modulation of the RR interval (RRI), the mean arterial pressure (MAP), and the pulse pressure (PP) by experimental epoch in human participants. These quantities are determined by the three coefficients of the cosine tuning curve (see methods). Data are depicted as box-and-whisker plots with both mean (solid black horizontal line) and median (dashed black horizontal line). *Significant difference from baseline (P < 0.05).