Figure 1.

Study population. The study was an observational cohort study including clinical and genetic analyses using the data from the UK Biobank. The observational analysis was performed within the UK Biobank participants who self-reported sleep duration and had eGFR measurements (N = 465,814). The Mendelian randomization analysis was first performed for the individuals of white British ancestry passing sample quality control and with eGFR values (N = 321,260). The findings were extended to an independent genome-wide association study meta-analysis results by the CKDGen consortium (N = 567,460). QC, quality control.