Figure 3.

Two-sample MR analysis results supported the causal effects of short sleep duration on CKD. The genetic instrument included 25 of 27 and seven of eight SNPs for short-sleep and long-sleep traits, respectively. The causal estimates were derived from the CKDGen meta-analysis summary statistics for CKD from subjects of European ancestry. The estimates were multiplied by 0.693 to show the causal effects of a two-fold increase in odds for exposure phenotypes. The circles indicate the odds ratios (OR), and error bars indicate the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The black circles indicate that the causal estimates were significant.