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. 2021 Jan 7;12(1):53. doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-03283-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — (a, e) Serum IL-38 concentration was measured by using ELISA of healthy controls (n = 59), influenza patients (n = 50), and COVID-19 patients (n = 85) on the day of hospitalization. Each dot represents a measurement of an individual patient, with horizontal lines denoting medians. (b) Serum IL-38 concentration of influenza patients (n = 24) in the acute and recovery phases was measured by ELISA. (c, g) Serum IL-36α concentration was measured by using ELISA in healthy controls (n = 50), influenza patients (n = 44), and COVID-19 (n = 79) patients on the day of hospitalization. (d) Serum IL-36α concentration of influenza patients (n = 45) in the acute and recovery phases was measured by ELISA. (f) Serum IL-38 concentrations in COVID-19 patients with mild (n = 59) and severe (n = 26) symptoms. (h) Serum IL-36α concentrations in COVID-19 patients with mild (n = 55) and severe (n = 24) symptoms. (i–k) Correlation analysis of serum IL-38 concentration with CRP levels, LDH levels, duration of hospitalization in patients with SARS-CoV-2 (n = 61, 82, 76, respectively). (l–n) Correlation analysis of serum IL-36α concentration with CRP levels, LDH levels, duration of hospitalization in patients with SARS-CoV-2 (n = 53, 67, 61, respectively). (o–p) Correlation analysis of serum IL-38 levels with viral load in nasopharyngeal swab specimens (o) and sputum (p) of patients with SARS-CoV-2 (n = 73, 36, respectively). (q, r) Correlation analysis of serum IL-36α levels with viral load in nasopharyngeal swab specimens (q) and sputum (r) of patients with SARS-CoV-2 (n = 62, 34, respectively). Data were shown as (means ± SEM). Student paired t test and/or Mann–Whitney test was used to compare the differences between groups. Spearman correlation coefficient was used in the statistics for correlation analysis. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001.