Table 2. Factors associated with anaemia among women of reproductive age in Bangladesh (n = 5678).
| General Characteristics | Moderate/severe Anaemia | Mild Anaemia | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cOR [95% CI] | P-Value | aOR [95% CI] | P-Value | cOR [95% CI] | P-Value | aOR [95% CI] | P-Value | |
| Place of Residence | ||||||||
| Rural (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Urban | 0.73 [0.58–0.92] | 0.007 | 1.16 [0.73–1.85] | 0.521 | 0.75 [0.67–0.85] | <0.001 | 1.11 [0.88–1.40] | 0.381 |
| Religion | ||||||||
| Other (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Islam | 2.13 [0.28–15.95] | 0.462 | 0.63 [0.28–15.95] | 0.462 | 0.84 [0.42–1.71] | 0.537 | 0.37 [0.10–1.60] | 0.183 |
| Hindu | 3.27 [0.43–24.92] | 0.253 | 1.27 [0.43–24.92] | 0.456 | 1.19 [0.58–2.45] | 0.643 | 0.48 [0.11–2.11] | 0.329 |
| Education Level | ||||||||
| Secondary (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| No Education | 1.97 [1.25–3.11] | 0.004 | 2.58 [1.46–4.55] | 0.001 | 1.71 [1.34–2.17] | <0.001 | 1.00 [0.59–1.72] | 0.989 |
| Primary | 1.60 [1.01–2.51] | 0.044 | 1.58 [0.97–2.56] | 0.064 | 1.61 [1.27–2.05] | <0.001 | 1.17 [0.72–1.90] | 0.534 |
| Higher | 0.97 [0.61–1.54] | 0.895 | 1.19 [0.44–3.25] | 0.736 | 1.33 [1.05–1.70] | 0.016 | 1.13 [0.74–1.75] | 0.601 |
| Occupation | ||||||||
| Other/Don’t Work (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Agricultural | 2.04 [1.25–3.13] | 0.004 | 1.41 [0.53–3.77] | 0.492 | 1.07 [0.77–1.50] | 0.678 | 1.16 [0.65–2.06] | 0.616 |
| Professional/Services | 1.12 [0.72–1.75] | 0.619 | 1.70 [0.66–4.39] | 0.274 | 1.17 [0.93–1.48] | 0.184 | 1.87 [1.14–3.03] | 0.011 |
| Husband’s Education Level | ||||||||
| Secondary (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| No Education | 1.69 [1.17–2.42] | 0.005 | 0.95 [0.53–1.71] | 0.873 | 1.43 [1.19–1.72] | <0.001 | 0.84 [0.54–1.31] | 0.447 |
| Primary | 1.67 [1.16–2.40] | 0.006 | 1.47 [0.89–244] | 0.138 | 1.30 [1.08–1.56] | 0.005 | 0.91 [0.61–1.35] | 0.625 |
| Higher | 1.07 [0.73–1.57] | 0.721 | 1.16 [0.46–2.89] | 0.756 | 1.12 [0.93–1.35] | 0.217 | 0.94 [0.64–1.36] | 0.935 |
| Husband’s Occupation | ||||||||
| Other/Don’t Work (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Agricultural | 1.73 [0.91–3.29] | 0.094 | 1.35 [0.29–6.36] | 0.707 | 1.03 [0.77–1.40] | 0.820 | 0.61 [0.33–1.14] | 0.112 |
| Non-Agricultural | 1.05 [0.55–1.99] | 0.893 | 1.12 [0.24–5.24] | 0.883 | 0.77 [0.58–1.04] | 0.087 | 0.49 [0.27–0.91] | 0.023 |
| Business | 1.10 [0.57–2.13] | 0.789 | 1.06 [0.22–5.06] | 0.947 | 0.77 [0.57–1.05] | 0.096 | 0.56 [0.30–1.10] | 0.067 |
| Professional/Services | 1.18 [0.56–2.49] | 0.660 | 2.26 [0.37–14.10] | 0.378 | 0.71 [0.50–1.02] | 0.067 | 0.75 [0.34–1.58] | 0.464 |
| Sources of Drinking Water | ||||||||
| Other (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Tube Well | 0.86 [0.62–1.12] | 0.372 | 0.80 [0.42–1.53] | 0.494 | 1.08 [0.89–1.30] | 0.446 | 1.53 [1.04–2.26] | 0.031 |
| Piped Water | 0.63 [0.40–0.99] | 0.044 | 0.91 [0.34–2.46] | 0.850 | 0.62 [0.48-.803] | <0.001 | 1.32 [0.78–2.34] | 0.301 |
| Toilet Facilities | ||||||||
| No Toilet (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Flush Toilet | 0.37 [0.21-.654] | 0.001 | 0.52 [0.17–1.53] | 0.233 | 0.41 [0.30–0.58] | <0.001 | 0.89 [0.48–1.62] | 0.677 |
| Pit Latrine | 0.58 [0.35-.964] | 0.036 | 0.73 [0.34–0.16] | 0.424 | 0.70 [0.52–0.96] | 0.024 | 1.09 [0.66–1.80] | 0.756 |
| Other | 0.60 [0.34–1.06] | 0.078 | 0.59 [0.24–1.45] | 0.247 | 0.77 [0.55–1.08] | 0.133 | 1.28 [0.72–2.28] | 0.408 |
| Household Wealth Status | ||||||||
| Medium (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Poor | 1.39 [1.04–1.85] | 0.028 | 1.20 [0.73–1.98] | 0.481 | 1.21 [1.03–1.41] | 0.019 | 1.02 [0.79–1.34] | 0.866 |
| Rich | 0.72 [0.54–0.97] | 0.031 | 1.01 [0.56–1.80] | 0.986 | 0.75 [0.64–0.87] | <0.001 | 0.77 [0.58–1.02] | 0.766 |
| BMI | ||||||||
| Normal (18.5–24.99 kg/m2) (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 1.45 [1.14–1.84] | 0.003 | 0.96 [0.64–1.43] | 0.834 | 1.47 [1.29–1.68] | <0.001 | 1.20 [0.98–1.48] | 0.085 |
| Overweight/Obese (≥25.0 kg/m2) | 0.55 [0.40–0.77] | <0.001 | 0.43 [0.21–0.92] | 0.028 | 0.65 [0.55–0.76] | <0.001 | 0.70 [0.51–0.96] | 0.024 |
| Total Number of Children Ever Birthed | ||||||||
| No Children (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| ≥3 Children | 1.10 [0.77–1.55] | 0.606 | 1.31 [0.87–1.97] | 0.202 | 1.23 [1.01–1.50] | 0.039 | 1.26 [1.01–1.57] | 0.038 |
| 1–2 Children | 0.72 [0.51–1.03] | 0.074 | 0.72 [0.51–1.03] | 0.674 | 0.98 [0.80–1.19] | 0.833 | 0.76 [0.80–1.19] | 0.837 |
| Current Contraception Use | ||||||||
| Not Using any Method (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Female Sterilization | 0.85 [0.52–1.38] | 0.509 | 1.15 [0.35–3.80] | 0.814 | 1.19 [0.91–1.56] | 0.206 | 1.41 [0.79–2.50] | 0.245 |
| Using Other Method | 0.44 [0.35–0.55] | <0.001 | 0.88 [0.50–1.57] | 0.663 | 0.88 [0.79–0.99] | 0.030 | 0.68 [0.52–0.88] | 0.004 |
| Current Pregnancy Status | ||||||||
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 4.53 [3.40–6.03] | <0.001 | 10.93 [3.53–33.70] | <0.001 | 0.85 [0.66–1.10] | 0.222 | 1.08 [0.59–1.95] | 0.819 |
| Last Birth by Caesarean Section | ||||||||
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 0.479 [0.27–0.86] | 0.014 | 0.76 [0.39–1.52] | 0.443 | 0.86 [0.67–1.10] | 0.228 | 0.99 [0.73–1.32] | 0.919 |
| Currently Breastfeeding | ||||||||
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 1.21 [0.95–1.53] | 0.125 | 1.31 [0.87–1.98] | 0.196 | 1.29 [1.13–1.46] | <0.001 | 1.37 [1.12–1.67] | 0.002 |
| Fertility Status | ||||||||
| Infecund, Menopausal (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Fecund | 0.76 [0.55–1.04] | 0.084 | 1.07 [0.31–3.63] | 0.916 | 1.02 [0.87–1.19] | 0.814 | 1.22 [0.73–2.05] | 0.450 |
| Pregnant | 4.11 [2.80–6.02] | <0.001 | 10.93 [3.53–33.70] | <0.001 | 0.89 [0.67–1.19] | 0.443 | 1.08 [0.59–1.95] | 0.819 |
| Postpartum Amenorrhoeic | 2.97 [1.89–4.66] | <0.001 | 4.81 [1.63–14.17] | 0.004 | 1.69 [1.27–2.25] | <0.001 | 1.29 [0.78–2.15] | 0.327 |
| Menstruated in the Last 6 Weeks | ||||||||
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 0.47 [0.38–0.58] | <0.001 | 1.36 [0.60–3.12] | 0.463 | 0.928 [0.82–1.10] | 0.217 | 0.97 [0.69–1.38] | 0.870 |
Ref: Reference; CI: Confidence Interval.
P-value obtained from multiple multinomial logistic regression models.