Table 4. Factors associated with anaemia among women of reproductive age in Maldives (n = 6837).
| General Characteristics | Moderate/severe Anaemia | Mild Anaemia | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cOR [95% CI] | P-Value | aOR [95% CI] | P-Value | cOR [95% CI] | P-Value | aOR [95% CI] | P-Value | |
| Current Age | ||||||||
| 15–24 Years (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 25–34 Years | 0.63 [0.53–0.78] | <0.001 | 1.66 [0.98–2.70] | 0.051 | 0.83 [0.74–0.95] | 0.005 | 1.34 [0.98–1.82] | 0.068 |
| 35–49 Years | 0.65 [0.55–0.78] | <0.001 | 1.15 [0.73–1.74] | 0.536 | 0.97 [0.87–1.09] | 0.621 | 1.29 [1.00–1.67] | 0.050 |
| Place of Residence | ||||||||
| Rural (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Urban | 2.65 [2.11–3.31] | <0.001 | 2.98 [1.93–4.68] | <0.001 | 1.96 [1.66–2.22] | <0.001 | 2.46 [1.79–3.38] | <0.001 |
| Education Level | ||||||||
| Secondary (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| No Education | 1.82 [1.30–2.55] | 0.001 | 1.13 [0.75–1.71] | 0.553 | 0.87 [0.67–1.15] | 0.318 | 0.87 [0.65–1.17] | 0.369 |
| Primary | 1.36 [1.13–1.63] | 0.001 | 0.93 [0.71–1.21] | 0.586 | 0.86 [0.74–1.02] | 0.077 | 0.88 [0.74–1.06] | 0.171 |
| Higher | 1.62 [1.30–2.02] | <0.001 | 1.13 [0.83–1.55] | 0.170 | 0.80 [0.69–0.94] | 0.004 | 1.15 [0.94–1.41] | 0.178 |
| Sources of Drinking Water | ||||||||
| Other (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Piped Water | 0.93 [0.48–1.78] | 0.819 | 1.01 [0.39–2.60] | 0.987 | 0.88 [0.58–1.34] | 0.545 | 0.71 [0.40–1.26] | 0.247 |
| Rain Water | 0.86 [0.46–1.61] | 0.634 | 1.15 [0.46–2.90] | 0.768 | 0.81 [0.55–1.22] | 0.814 | 0.74 [0.43–1.28] | 0.281 |
| Bottled Water | 1.40 [0.74–2.67] | 0.313 | 1.25 [0.48–3.25] | 0.645 | 1.14 [0.75–1.75] | 0.537 | 0.88 [0.49–1.56] | 0.655 |
| Household Wealth Status | ||||||||
| Medium (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Poor | 1.75 [1.39–2.21] | <0.001 | 0.94 [0.75–1.17] | 0.558 | 1.29 [1.10–1.62] | 0.002 | 0.97 [0.84–1.12] | 0.699 |
| Rich | 1.03 [0.85–1.24] | 0.771 | 0.92 [0.63–1.35] | 0.676 | 0.98 [0.87–1.10] | 0.670 | 0.77 [0.59–0.99] | 0.042 |
| BMI | ||||||||
| Normal (18.5–24.99 kg/m2) (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 1.41 [1.08–1.85] | 0.013 | 1.96 [1.20–3.19] | 0.004 | 1.23 [1.06–1.55] | 0.012 | 1.90 [1.34–2.71] | <0.001 |
| Overweight/Obese (≥25.0 kg/m2) | 0.78 [0.66–0.92] | 0.003 | 0.64 [0.53–0.78] | <0.001 | 0.82 [0.73–0.91] | <0.001 | 0.76 [0.66–0.86] | <0.001 |
| Total Number of Children Ever Birthed | ||||||||
| No Children (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| ≥3 Children | 1.51 [1.23–1.84] | <0.001 | 1.26 [0.98–1.61] | 0.069 | 1.27 [1.12–1.46] | <0.001 | 1.05 [0.49–2.26] | 0.900 |
| 1–2 Children | 1.10 [0.88–1.28] | 0.578 | 0.80 [0.23–2.85] | 0.724 | 1.14 [1.01–1.28] | 0.041 | 0.94 [0.46–1.95] | 0.862 |
| Age at First Birth | ||||||||
| 15–24 Years (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 25–49 Years | 1.26 [1.10–1.51] | 0.010 | 0.90 [0.70–1.17] | 0.427 | 1.24 [1.10–1.39] | <0.001 | 0.78 [0.66–0.93] | 0.004 |
| Current Contraception Use | ||||||||
| Not Using any Method (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Female Sterilization | 2.21 [1.51–3.22] | <0.001 | 1.71 [1.13–2.59] | 0.011 | 1.62 [1.21–2.16] | 0.001 | 1.49 [1.09–2.03] | 0.012 |
| Using Other Method | 1.03 [0.81–1.32] | 0.802 | 0.96 [0.73–1.26] | 0.758 | 1.04 [0.88–1.22] | 0.655 | 0.95 [0.79–1.13] | 0.533 |
| Birth in the Last 3 Years | ||||||||
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 0.69 [0.57–0.85] | <0.001 | 0.83 [0.60–1.16] | 0.316 | 0.99 [0.88–1.12] | 0.873 | 1.08 [0.88–0.14] | 0.471 |
| Current Pregnancy Status | ||||||||
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 1.73 [1.24–2.42] | 0.001 | 3.47 [2.11–5.69] | <0.001 | 0.73 [0.55–0.97] | 0.300 | 1.15 [0.78–1.68] | 0.485 |
| Currently Breastfeeding | ||||||||
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 0.64 [0.51–0.81] | <0.001 | 0.82 [0.57–1.18] | 0.284 | 0.91 [0.80–1.04] | 0.172 | 0.85 [0.68–1.10] | 0.142 |
| Fertility Status | ||||||||
| Infecund, Menopausal (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Fecund | 0.99 [0.82–1.20] | 0.895 | 1.00 [0.81–1.27] | 0.970 | 1.01 [0.89–1.15] | 0.854 | 1.02 [0.87–1.21] | 0.783 |
| Pregnant | 1.68 [1.17–2.43] | 0.005 | 3.47 [2.11–5.69] | <0.001 | 0.73 [0.55–0.98] | 0.039 | 1.15 [0.78–1.68] | 0.485 |
| Postpartum Amenorrhoeic | 0.59 [0.37–0.97] | 0.036 | 1.15 [0.66–2.24] | 0.635 | 0.78 [0.60–1.03] | 0.076 | 0.97 [0.69–1.36] | 0.848 |
| Menstruated in the Last 6 Weeks | ||||||||
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 1.27 [1.05–1.55] | 0.016 | 1.53 [1.14–1.91] | 0.005 | 1.34 [1.18–1.52] | <0.001 | 1.22 [1.01–1.47] | 0.035 |
Ref: Reference; CI: Confidence Interval.
P-value obtained from multiple multinomial logistic regression models.