Table 6. Factors associated with anaemia among women of reproductive age in Nepal (n = 6419).
| General Characteristics | Moderate/severe Anaemia | Mild Anaemia | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cOR [95% CI] | P-Value | aOR [95% CI] | P-Value | cOR [95% CI] | P-Value | aOR [95% CI] | P-Value | |
| Current Age | ||||||||
| 15–24 Years (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 25–34 Years | 0.80 [0.64–1.02] | 0.069 | 0.97 [0.68–1.38] | 0.861 | 0.75 [0.66–0.85] | <0.001 | 1.01 [0.83–1.22] | 0.903 |
| 35–49 Years | 0.91 [0.72–1.16] | 0.446 | 1.03 [0.78–1.36] | 0.850 | 0.90 [0.79–1.02] | 0.109 | 1.07 [0.92–1.25] | 0.392 |
| Religion | ||||||||
| Christian (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Hindu | 1.61 [0.80–3.33] | 0.199 | 1.43 [0.68–2.98] | 0.346 | 1.19 [0.85–1.67] | 0.317 | 1.12 [0.80–1.61] | 0.530 |
| Buddhist | 1.01 [0.42–2.42] | 0.992 | 1.15 [0.47–2.81] | 0.758 | 0.78 [0.51–1.19] | 0.245 | 0.91 [0.59–1.41] | 0.681 |
| Islam | 2.11 [0.91–4.93] | 0.084 | 1.18 [0.49–2.82] | 0.712 | 1.84 [1.22–2.78] | 0.004 | 1.25 [0.83–1.97] | 0.310 |
| Kirat | 0.96 [0.28–3.34] | 0.953 | 1.05 [0.30–3.70] | 0.940 | 0.64 [0.34–1.22] | 0.174 | 0.68 [0.35–1.34] | 0.248 |
| Education Level | ||||||||
| Secondary (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| No Education | 1.03 [0.81–1.29] | 0.837 | 0.98 [0.72–1.33] | 0.871 | 1.16 [0.98–1.37] | 0.093 | 0.86 [0.73–1.02] | 0.091 |
| Primary | 0.94 [0.71–1.26] | 0.693 | 0.94 [0.69–1.29] | 0.719 | 1.00 [0.82–1.21] | 0.966 | 0.79 [0.66–0.94] | 0.008 |
| Higher | 0.79 [0.57–1.09] | 0.149 | 0.76 [0.54–1.07] | 0.113 | 1.24 [1.05–1.50] | 0.012 | 0.83 [0.69–0.99] | 0.036 |
| Occupation | ||||||||
| Don’t Work (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Agricultural | 0.68 [0.55-.844] | <0.001 | 0.77 [0.61–0.98] | 0.037 | 0.86 [0.76–0.97] | 0.014 | 0.93 [0.82–1.07] | 0.323 |
| Professional/Services | 0.73 [0.53–1.01] | 0.058 | 1.07 [0.76–1.51] | 0.742 | 0.76 [0.63–0.91] | 0.002 | 1.04 [0.85–1.26] | 0.724 |
| Other | 0.66 [0.42–1.03] | 0.070 | 0.75 [0.47–1.17] | 0.197 | 0.93 [0.74–1.17] | 0.556 | 1.05 [0.82–1.32] | 0.703 |
| Husband’s Occupation | ||||||||
| Other/Don’t Work (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Agricultural | 0.93 [0.69–1.26] | 0.658 | 1.04 [0.72–1.49] | 0.860 | 0.93 [0.80–1.09] | 0.396 | 1.15 [0.95–1.40] | 0.164 |
| Business | 1.18 [0.91–1.52] | 0.209 | 1.11 [0.82–1.50] | 0.487 | 1.03 [0.90–1.18] | 0.686 | 1.06 [0.89–1.25] | 0.491 |
| Professional/Services | 0.93 [0.71–1.20] | 0.562 | 0.92 [0.68–1.26] | 0.610 | 0.77 [0.67–0.89] | <0.001 | 0.86 [0.73–1.02] | 0.089 |
| Sources of Drinking Water | ||||||||
| Other (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Tap Water | 0.45 [0.36–0.56] | <0.001 | 0.57 [0.44–0.73] | <0.001 | 0.49 [0.44–0.56] | <0.001 | 0.61 [0.53–0.70] | <0.001 |
| Tube Well | 0.42 [0.32–0.57] | <0.001 | 0.55 [0.40–0.76] | <0.001 | 0.55 [0.47–0.63] | <0.001 | 0.67 [0.57–0.79] | <0.001 |
| Toilet Facilities | ||||||||
| No Toilet (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Flush Toilet | 0.60 [0.45–0.81] | 0.001 | 0.98 [0.70–1.35] | 0.864 | 0.59 [0.50–0.70] | <0.001 | 0.85 [0.71–1.03] | 0.095 |
| Pit Latrine | 0.71 [0.46–1.10] | 0.125 | 1.05 [0.65–1.64] | 0.835 | 0.84 [0.66–1.06] | 0.138 | 1.12 [0.87–1.44] | 0.373 |
| Other | 0.77 [0.48–1.22] | 0.258 | 0.83 [0.51–1.36] | 0.461 | 0.89 [0.69–1.14] | 0.346 | 0.93 [0.71–1.22] | 0.610 |
| Household Wealth Status | ||||||||
| Medium (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Poor | 0.63 [0.48–0.82] | 0.001 | 0.83 [0.63–1.10] | 0.203 | 0.64 [0.56–0.74] | <0.001 | 0.78 [0.67–0.91] | 0.001 |
| Rich | 0.88 [0.68–1.13] | 0.311 | 1.08 [0.82–1.44] | 0.574 | 0.76 [0.66–0.87] | <0.001 | 0.92 [0.79–1.08] | 0.296 |
| BMI | ||||||||
| Normal (18.5–24.99 kg/m2) (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 1.25 [0.96–1.61] | 0.093 | 1.18 [0.91–1.54] | 0.222 | 1.24 [1.07–1.43] | 0.003 | 1.11 [0.96–1.29] | 0.165 |
| Overweight/Obese (≥25.0 kg/m2) | 0.61 [0.46–0.80] | <0.001 | 0.60 [0.44–0.80] | 0.001 | 0.60 [0.52–0.69] | <0.001 | 0.65 [0.55–0.76] | <0.001 |
| Current Contraception Use | ||||||||
| Not Using any Method (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Female Sterilization | 1.95 [1.47–2.57] | <0.001 | 2.04 [1.45–2.86] | <0.001 | 1.51 [1.23–1.80] | <0.001 | 1.45 [1.18–1.78] | <0.001 |
| Using Other Method | 0.60 [0.47–0.76] | <0.001 | 0.78 [0.58–1.03] | 0.083 | 0.70 [0.62–0.79] | <0.001 | 0.77 [0.66–0.89] | <0.001 |
| Birth in the Last 3 Years | ||||||||
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 1.15 [0.91–1.45] | 0.237 | 1.12 [0.70–1.79] | 0.640 | 1.32 [1.17–1.50] | <0.001 | 1.40 [1.08–1.83] | 0.013 |
| Current Pregnancy Status | ||||||||
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 2.65 [0.89–3.71] | <0.001 | 2.72 [1.68–4.43] | <0.001 | 0.82 [0.64–1.09] | 0.167 | 0.89 [0.63–1.25] | 0.495 |
| Currently Breastfeeding | ||||||||
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 1.07 [0.85–1.35] | 0.563 | 0.97 [0.61–1.54] | 0.893 | 1.24 [1.10–1.41] | 0.001 | 0.93 [0.72–1.21] | 0.604 |
| Smoking Cigarettes | ||||||||
| No (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 0.66 [0.43–1.01] | 0.057 | 0.74 [0.47–1.17] | 0.199 | 0.58 [0.46–0.73] | <0.001 | 0.64 [0.50–0.83] | 0.001 |
| Fertility Status | ||||||||
| Infecund, Menopausal (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Fecund | 1.06 [0.77–1.45] | 0.730 | 1.07 [0.76–1.51] | 0.713 | 1.31 [1.10–1.55] | 0.003 | 1.28 [1.05–1.54] | 0.011 |
| Pregnant | 2.83 [1.83–4.38] | <0.001 | 2.72 [1.68–4.43] | <0.001 | 1.05 [0.77–1.44] | 0.752 | 0.89 [0.63–1.25] | 0.495 |
| Postpartum Amenorrhoeic | 1.43 [0.86–2.37] | 0.169 | 1.27 [0.71–2.28] | 0.419 | 1.55 [1.17–2.06] | 0.002 | 1.10 [0.81–1.55] | 0.505 |
Ref: Reference; CI: Confidence Interval.
P-value obtained from multiple multinomial logistic regression models.