Table 2.
Overview of key features of various antimicrobial nanoformulations
| Nanosystem | Characterization | Target pathogens | Key findings/ outcomes | References | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active | Nanocarriers | Zeta-potential | Shape / Size | LC/ EE (%) | In vitro | In vivo (Model) | ||
| Antibiotic nanoformulations | ||||||||
| Meropenem | CH with tripolyphosphate (TPP) crosslinker | 17.1 ± 2.3 to19.8 ± 2.6 mV |
Spherical 261.8 ± 37.5 nm |
EE = 71.5–76.3 |
E. coli K.pneumoniae MRSA MSSA |
K. pneumoniae (Systemic infection/ sepsis in rat) |
Two-fold lower MIC Improved survival |
[91] |
| Vancomycin (VCM) | Peptide (CARG)-conjugated Porous silicon nanoparticles | – | ~ 180 nm | LC = 12 |
S. aureus MRSA P. aeruginosa |
S. aureus (Lung infection model in mice) |
Targeted binding to S. aureus by CARG Reduced systemic dose in vivo |
[89] |
| Ciprofloxacin and TPCA‐1 |
Block copolymer Biotin-PEGb-PAE (-g-PEG-b-DSPE)-b-PEG-Biotin |
− 6.81 mV at pH 7.4 + 7.35 mV at pH 6.5 |
Spherical 120 nm |
LC = 9.2 ± 0.2 EE = 53.7 ± 1.3 |
P. aeruginosa |
P. aeruginosa (Acute lung bacterial infection in mouse) |
Targeted on-demand delivery in response to IMEs Enhanced therapeutic efficacy and survival |
[94] |
| Sparfloxacin and Tacrolimus | γ3 peptide grafted on poly (lactide-co-glycolide acid) (PLGA) | − 40 mV | Spherical 183.7 ± 9.4 nm |
(SFX 5 mg/ml) EE = 84.7 (SFX) 85.6 (TAC) |
P. aeruginosa S. aureus |
P. aeruginosa (Acute lung infection in mice) |
Increased binding to inflamed cells by γ3 peptide Decreased inflammation and immune response in vivo |
[95] |
| Ciprofloxacin | Lipid emulsion of chitosan and sodium deoxycholate | + 28.2 ± 2 | 225 to 325 nm |
EE = 93.7 ± 2.3 |
E. coli |
E-coli (Peritonitis or abdominal sepsis model in rats) |
Decreased TNF-α and NO production Improved survival |
[97] |
| Moxifloxacin and Rutin | Poly-caprolactone | − 22.63 ± 0.55 mV | 173.63 ± 3.90 nm |
LC = 7.49 ± 0.31 EE = 72.64 ± 1.06 |
E. coli | – | Suppressed LPS released from bacteria | [98] |
| Antimicrobial peptide and other nanoformulations | ||||||||
| S-thanatin with levofloxacin | Liposome prepared with HSPC, CHO and Ts-PEG2000-DSPE | + 5.3 | 152.5 ± 3.2 |
LEV EE = ∼76 |
MDR K. pneumonia |
MDR K. pneumonia (Septic shock model in mice) |
2–16-dilution lower MIC than free drug Improved efficacy on bacteria clearance |
[101] |
| Structurally nanoengineered antimicrobial peptide polymers (SNAPPs) | Poly(amido amine) | – |
Star-shaped S16 = 7.8 ± 1.2 nm S32 = 7.5 ± 1.6 nm |
– |
Streptococcus mutans S. aureus E. coli P. aeruginosa K. pneumoniae A. baumannii |
A. baumannii (Peritonitis model in mouse) |
Superior antibacterial activity against colistin-resistant and MDR pathogens Higher therapeutic indices |
[100] |
| Antimicrobial peptide and cathepsin B (AMP-CatB) mRNA | Vitamin lipid nanoparticles (VLNPs) | ~ 22 mV | ~ 140 nm | EE = ~ 90 |
MDR S. aureus |
MDR S. aureus MDR E. coli (MDR bacteria-induced sepsis in mice with immune-suppression) |
Demonstrated adoptive transfer of MACs Improved recovery of immune-compromised septic mice |
[107] |
| Mixtures of Carvacrol and Eugenol, Cinnamaldehyde and/or β-Caryophyllene | Lipidic nanocapsules | − 16 ± 2 mV | 66 ± 4 nm |
LC = 20 EE = 49 |
A. baumannii |
A. baumannii (Pathogen induced sepsis in mice) |
Synergistic antimicrobial activities in combination Improved survival |
[109] |
| Silver based nanoparticles | Carbon quantum dots | − 52.12 ± 6.81 mV | 13.23 ± 4.03 nm | – |
S. aureus E. coli P. aeruginosa |
(High-grade sepsis in mice by Cecal ligation and puncture) | Ameliorated inflammation in the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidney | [112] |