Table 3.

Different anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action (MOA) exhibited by various nanoformulations

Nanosystem	Size	MOA	Key findings	References
Peptide decorated-gold nanoparticles	13–14 nm	Modulate endosomal pH Blockade of endosomal acidification Inhibits downstream TLR4 signalling pathways, leading to the reduction of NF-kB, IRF3 and MAPK activation	Improved the disease activity index Ameliorated colonic inflammation in vivo	[119]
Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) NP	105–115 nm	Inhibited the activation of TLR4/ NF-κB pathway	Decreased myocardial inflammatory cytokine expression	[127]
High-density lipoprotein-like nanoparticles	Similar to hHDL	LPS toxin scavenging and neutralizing	Decreased TLR4 signalling Inhibited inflammatory response to LPS	[124]
Curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles	40–80 nm	Suppressions of NF-kB activation and IkBa degradation levels	Decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1b)	[129]
Cerium oxide nanoparticles	–	Decreased transcriptional action of ROS, iNOS, COX-2, and nuclear factor-kappa light chain, the triggered B cells (NF-kB)	Decreased hepatic damage, serum cytokines/ chemokines, and swelling indicators in vivo	[128]
Trehalose- and glucose-derived glycoamphiphiles incorporated in Au NP	–	Interference with TLR4 activation and signalling in vitro and in vivo	Inhibited LPS-triggered IL-6 production in mice	[119]