Table 4.
Productivity loss analysis by cost elements used
| Cost elements used | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absenteeism only | Presenteeism only | Absenteeism + presenteeism | Absenteeism + others | Unemployment/early retirement | Premature mortality | Other, not specifiedb | |
| Totala (N = 208) | 98 (47%) | 1 (0%) | 29 (14%) | 32 (15%) | 21 (10%) | 22 (11%) | 39 (19%) |
| Cost elements used by disease area | |||||||
| Cardiovascular and metabolic (n = 33) | 25 (76%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (9%) | 4 (12%) |
| Immunology (n = 55) | 22 (40%) | 1 (2%) | 11 (20%) | 12 (22%) | 15 (27%) | 3 (5%) | 11 (20%) |
| Central nervous system/psychiatry (n = 42) | 23 (55%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (19%) | 4 (10%) | 4 (10%) | 1 (2%) | 7 (17%) |
| Oncology (n = 25) | 8 (32%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (28%) | 1 (4%) | 9 (36%) | 8 (32%) |
| Respiratory/Infectious (n = 27) | 14 (52%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (19%) | 3 (11%) | 1 (4%) | 3 (11%) | 4 (15%) |
| Others (n = 26) | 6 (23%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (23%) | 4 (15%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (12%) | 12 (46%) |
| Cost elements used by region | |||||||
| North America (n = 51) | 21 (41%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (14%) | 9 (18%) | 3 (6%) | 7 (14%) | 12 (24%) |
| Europe and Central Asia (n = 109) | 50 (46%) | 1 (1%) | 17 (16%) | 18 (17%) | 12 (11%) | 11 (10%) | 19 (17%) |
| Latin America and Caribbean (n = 13) | 8 (62%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (15%) | 1 (8%) | 3 (23%) | 2 (15%) | 0 (0%) |
| Middle East and North Africa (n = 6) | 3 (50%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (17%) | 2 (33%) | 1 (17%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| South Asia, East Asia and Pacific (n = 25) | 14 (56%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (8%) | 1 (4%) | 2 (8%) | 6 (24%) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa (n = 2) | 2 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Not reported (n = 2) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (100%) |
| Cost elements used by country income group | |||||||
| High income (n = 165) | 75 (45%) | 1 (1%) | 25 (15%) | 27 (16%) | 15 (9%) | 18 (11%) | 32 (19%) |
| Upper-middle income (n = 32) | 16 (50%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (13%) | 3 (9%) | 4 (13%) | 4 (13%) | 5 (16%) |
| Lower-middle income (n = 9) | 7 (78%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (22%) | 1 (11%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Not reported (n = 2) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (100%) |
| Cost elements used by period of evaluation | |||||||
| 2010.1 to 2012.12 (n = 66) | 31 (47%) | 1 (2%) | 5 (8%) | 8 (12%) | 7 (11%) | 8 (12%) | 15 (23%) |
| 2013.1 to 2014.12 (n = 40) | 17 (43%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (13%) | 8 (20%) | 4 (10%) | 6 (15%) | 10 (25%) |
| 2015.1 to 2016.12 (n = 44) | 22 (50%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (18%) | 9 (20%) | 4 (9%) | 4 (9%) | 5 (11%) |
| 2017.1 to 2018.12 (n = 40) | 18 (45%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (20%) | 5 (13%) | 3 (8%) | 3 (8%) | 7 (18%) |
| 2019.1 to 2019.10 (n = 18) | 10 (56%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (17%) | 2 (11%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (6%) | 2 (11%) |
| Cost elements used by time horizon | |||||||
| Less than 1 year (n = 24) | 16 (67%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (13%) | 1 (4%) | 1 (4%) | 2 (8%) | 2 (8%) |
| 1–10 years (n = 78) | 39 (50%) | 0 (0%) | 11 (14%) | 11 (14%) | 7 (9%) | 5 (6%) | 15 (19%) |
| More than 10 years (n = 34) | 10 (29%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (26%) | 6 (18%) | 6 (18%) | 5 (15%) | 6 (18%) |
| Lifetime (n = 55) | 25 (45%) | 1 (2%) | 4 (7%) | 13 (24%) | 5 (9%) | 8 (15%) | 11 (20%) |
| Not available (n = 17) | 8 (47%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (12%) | 1 (6%) | 2 (12%) | 2 (12%) | 5 (29%) |
aGrand total is higher than the number of studies as some studies included more than one productivity cost element
bThirty-one studies simply state that productivity loss was incorporated in modeling without explicitly specifying the exact elements