Table 1.
Participant characteristics overall and according to sex among 740 adolescents and their mothers in Project Viva
| Overall | Girls | Boys | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n=740 | n=374 (51%) | n=366 (49%) | |
| Mean (SD) or N (%) | |||
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Age at enrollment, years | 32.2 (5.4) | 32.4 (5.0) | 31.9 (5.7) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 25.0 (5.3) | 24.9 (5.5) | 25.0 (5.1) |
| Pregnancy weight gain, kg | 15.5 (5.4) | 15.1 (5.5) | 16.0 (5.3) |
| Pregnancy smoking status, % | |||
| Never | 524 (71) | 268 (72) | 256 (70) |
| Former | 148 (20) | 74 (20) | 74 (20) |
| During pregnancy | 66 (9) | 30 (8) | 36 (10) |
| College degree or beyond, % | |||
| No | 231 (31) | 104 (28) | 127 (35) |
| Yes | 507 (69) | 269 (72) | 238 (65) |
| Married or cohabitating, % | |||
| No | 68 (9) | 35 (9) | 33 (9) |
| Yes | 670 (91) | 338 (91) | 332 (91) |
| Household income >$70,000/year, % | |||
| No | 241 (36) | 125 (36) | 116 (36) |
| Yes | 431 (64) | 223 (64) | 208 (64) |
| Child characteristics | |||
| Race/ethnicity, % | |||
| White | 462 (62) | 244 (65) | 218 (60) |
| Black | 131 (18) | 59 (16) | 72 (20) |
| Hispanic | 33 (4) | 17 (5) | 16 (4) |
| Asian | 20 (3) | 9 (2) | 11 (3) |
| Other | 93 (13) | 44 (12) | 49 (13) |
| Early teen characteristics | |||
| Age, years | 13.0 (0.7) | 13.0 (0.7) | 12.9 (0.6) |
| Puberty score, points | 2.5 (0.9) | 3.0 (0.6) | 2.0 (0.8) |
| VAT area, cm2 | 40.6 (23.4) | 33.7 (23.6) | 47.6 (21.0) |
| SAAT area, cm2 | 164.6 (121.9) | 205.5 (114.9) | 122.8 (114.7) |
| TAAT area, cm2 | 205.2 (138.8) | 239.3 (136.3) | 170.3 (132.8) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 21.0 (4.7) | 21.1 (4.8) | 20.9 (4.6) |
| WHO BMI z-score | 0.59 (1.28) | 0.51 (1.28) | 0.68 (1.29) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 73.1 (12.1) | 73.0 (11.5) | 73.3 (12.7) |
| BIA % fat | 22.2 (10.4) | 26.1 (9.6) | 18.2 (9.6) |
| DXA total % fat | 28.5 (7.6) | 30.3 (6.6) | 26.7 (8.0) |
| DXA trunk % fat | 24.5 (8.3) | 26.2 (7.8) | 22.9 (8.6) |
| Metabolic risk z-score | −0.15 (0.46) | −0.19 (0.44) | −0.11 (0.48) |
| SBP z-score | −0.19 (0.80) | −0.26 (0.84) | −0.11 (0.75) |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 55.7 (13.3) | 55.3 (12.5) | 56.1 (13.8) |
| TG, mg/dL | 69.3 (30.9) | 71.3 (31.1) | 67.5 (30.8) |
| HOMA-IR, units | 3.22 (2.37) | 3.56 (2.44) | 2.91 (2.27) |
| ALT, U/L | 19.1 (9.6) | 17.5 (7.2) | 20.5 (11.2) |
| hsCRP, mg/L | 1.00 (2.37) | 1.06 (2.57) | 0.94 (2.18) |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 12.2 (14.3) | 15.8 (15.8) | 8.9 (12.1) |
| Adiponectin, ug/mL | 6.15 (2.69) | 6.55 (2.72) | 5.79 (2.61) |
VAT, visceral adipose tissue; SAAT, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue; TAAT, total abdominal adipose tissue; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; SBP, systolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; hsCRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein.