Table 1.

The clinical characteristics of participants

Parameter		Control N = 40	DM N = 110	p	DM without DR N = 40	DM without D N = 70	p
Age (years)		42.6 ± 9.4	43.8 ± 12.5	0.649	45.4 ± 15.1	43.0 ± 10.7	0. 340
Duration		–	18.3 ± 11	–	8.7 ± 2.3	21.3 ± 10.9	< 0.001
Gender	Male	12 (30%)	44 (40%)	0.266	14 (35%)	30 (43%)	0.423
	Female	28 (70%)	66 (60%)		26 (65%)	40 (57%)
HbA1C (%)		5.3 ± 0.7	8.4 ± 2.0	< 0.001	8.0 ± 2.2	8.7 ± 1.9	0.095
FBG (mg/dL)		89 (77–100)	255 (97–654)	< 0.001	232 (97–513)	269 (111–654)	0.092
PPBG (mg/dL)		128 (94–194)	351 (118–781)	< 0.001	308 (111–667)	354 (128–781)	0.094
Creatinine (mg/dL)		0.85 ± 0.16	0.98 ± 0.26	0.054	0.90 ± 0.18	1.0 ± 0.29	0.053
TC (mg/dL)		197 (102–260)	192 (111–300)	0.196	184 (116–298)	193 (111–300)	0.759
TG (mg/dL)		150.2 ± 51.2	149.8 ± 64.37	0.404	153.9 ± 54.7	147.5 ± 69.5	0.322
HDL (mg/dL)		54.8 ± 9.9	47.8 ± 10.7	< 0.001	45.9 ± 10.6	48.9 ± 10.8	0.552
LDL (mg/dL)		114.9 ± 42.4	114.0 ± 40.0	0.854	112.2 ± 41.4	115.1 ± 39.5	0.322
TC_HDL		3.9 ± 1.5	4.3 ± 1.6	0.949	4.3 ± 1.4	4.3 ± 1.8	0.256
LDL_HDL		2.3 ± 1.2	2.5 ± 1.3	0.580	2.6 ± 1.2	2.5 ± 1.4	0.732
Bilirubin (mg/dL)		0.786 ± 0.17	0.672 ± .14	0.048	0.715 ± 0.163	0.649 ± 0.137	0.034
Uric acid (mg/dL)		5.43 ± 2.04	6.6 ± 2.08	0.003	3.4 ± 1.8	8.5 ± 2.1	< 0.001
MDA (nmole/mL)		5.47 ± 1.6	16.43 ± 4.2	< 0.001	12.0 ± 4.99	18.6 ± 3.67	< 0.001
eGFR ml/min/1.73m2		89.0 ± 17.6	88.5 ± 19.1	0.885	86.5 ± 19.5	86.3 ± 19.1	0.958
BMI (kg/m2)		30.8 ± 5.9	32.1 ± 6.8	0.285	31.7 ± 6.7	32.4 ± 6.9	0.634

P > 0.05 is considered non-significant, P < 0.05 is considered significant. Data are expressed as mean (SD) or median (interquartile range)

DM Diabetes mellitus, DR Diabetic retinopathy, FBG Fasting blood glucose, PPBG Postprandial blood glucose TG Triglyceride, TC Total cholesterol, HbA1c Hemoglobin A1c; HDL High-density lipoprotein; LDL Low-density lipoprotein, MDA Malondialdehyde, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, BMI Body mass index, N number