Table 1.
Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants**
| Educational Only (N=238) |
LEAP (N=309) |
Total (N=547) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.40671 | |||
| N | 238 | 309 | 547 | |
| Mean (SD) | 58.0 (11.5) | 57.4 (11.2) | 57.6 (11.3) | |
| Range | (24.0–83.0) | (27.0–88.0) | (24.0–88.0) | |
| Race | 0.03682 | |||
| African-American | 37 (15.7%) | 30 (9.9%) | 67 (12.4%) | |
| Other (Asian, American Indian, Alaska Native, More than 1 race) | 6 (2.5%) | 17 (5.6%) | 23 (4.3%) | |
| White | 193 (81.8%) | 256 (84.5%) | 449 (83.3%) | |
| Ethnicity | <0.00012 | |||
| Hispanic or Latino | 39 (17.0%) | 10 (3.3%) | 49 (9.2%) | |
| Non-Hispanic | 190 (83.0%) | 293 (96.7%) | 483 (90.8%) | |
| Performance Status (PS) | 0.06202 | |||
| 0 | 193 (97.0%) | 236 (91.8%) | 429 (94.1%) | |
| 1 | 6 (3.0%) | 20 (7.8%) | 26 (5.7%) | |
| 2 | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.2%) | |
| Educational Background | 0.03212 | |||
| < HS | 19 (8.8%) | 11 (3.6%) | 30 (5.8%) | |
| HS Grad | 38 (17.7%) | 65 (21.3%) | 103 (19.8%) | |
| Some college/Jr College | 75 (34.9%) | 90 (29.5%) | 165 (31.7%) | |
| BA/BS College Degree | 32 (14.9%) | 64 (21.0%) | 96 (18.5%) | |
| > BA/BS College Degree | 51 (23.7%) | 75 (24.6%) | 126 (24.2%) | |
| Marital Status | 0.88222 | |||
| Married | 130 (61.0%) | 188 (62.0%) | 318 (61.6%) | |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 65 (30.5%) | 93 (30.7%) | 158 (30.6%) | |
| Single/never married | 18 (8.5%) | 22 (7.3%) | 40 (7.8%) | |
| Employment Status | 0.72792 | |||
| Disabled | 16 (7.5%) | 19 (6.3%) | 35 (6.8%) | |
| Employed | 117 (54.9%) | 154 (50.7%) | 271 (52.4%) | |
| Homemaker | 19 (8.9%) | 38 (12.5%) | 57 (11.0%) | |
| Retired | 50 (23.5%) | 74 (24.3%) | 124 (24.0%) | |
| Student | 2 (0.9%) | 2 (0.7%) | 4 (0.8%) | |
| Unemployed | 9 (4.2%) | 17 (5.6%) | 26 (5.0%) | |
| Definitive primary surgery | 0.94762 | |||
| Partial mastectomy/lumpectomy/excisional biopsy | 152 (65.5%) | 200 (65.8%) | 352 (65.7%) | |
| Mastectomy, NOS | 80 (34.5%) | 104 (34.2%) | 184 (34.3%) | |
| Type of axillary lymph node dissection | 0.10582 | |||
| Axillary node dissection only | 61 (25.6%) | 63 (20.4%) | 124 (22.7%) | |
| Both Axillary node dissection and sentinel node biopsy | 74 (31.1%) | 87 (28.2%) | 161 (29.4%) | |
| Both missing | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.2%) | |
| Neither axillary node dissection nor sentinel node biopsy | 3 (1.3%) | 1 (0.3%) | 4 (0.7%) | |
| Sentinel node biopsy but axillary node dissection missing | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.2%) | |
| Sentinel node biopsy only | 98 (41.2%) | 158 (51.1%) | 256 (46.8%) | |
| Number of positive lymph nodes | 0.08371 | |||
| N | 217 | 295 | 512 | |
| Mean (SD) | 2.4 (5.2) | 2.1 (5.5) | 2.2 (5.3) | |
| Range | (0.0–41.0) | (0.0–60.0) | (0.0–60.0) | |
| Immediate reconstructive surgery | 0.00052 | |||
| No | 213 (91.0%) | 247 (80.2%) | 460 (84.9%) | |
| Yes | 21 (9.0%) | 61 (19.8%) | 82 (15.1%) | |
| Receptor status, ER | 0.38952 | |||
| Negative | 55 (23.2%) | 60 (19.4%) | 115 (21.1%) | |
| Positive | 182 (76.8%) | 248 (80.3%) | 430 (78.8%) | |
| Not Done | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (0.2%) | |
| Receptor status, PgR | 0.04792 | |||
| Negative | 89 (37.6%) | 87 (28.2%) | 176 (32.2%) | |
| Positive | 148 (62.4%) | 221 (71.5%) | 369 (67.6%) | |
| Not Done | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (0.2%) | |
| HER-2/neu receptors | 0.66192 | |||
| Negative | 193 (82.1%) | 246 (80.4%) | 439 (81.1%) | |
| Positive | 39 (16.6%) | 53 (17.3%) | 92 (17.0%) | |
| Not Done | 3 (1.3%) | 7 (2.3%) | 10 (1.8%) | |
| Pathologic primary tumor size | 0.91511 | |||
| N | 228 | 302 | 530 | |
| Mean (SD) | 2.2 (1.8) | 2.4 (3.9) | 2.3 (3.2) | |
| Range | (0.0–12.5) | (0.0–60.0) | (0.0–60.0) | |
| Grade | 0.16912 | |||
| Low | 55 (23.4%) | 65 (22.2%) | 120 (22.7%) | |
| Intermediate | 90 (38.3%) | 135 (46.1%) | 225 (42.6%) | |
| High | 90 (38.3%) | 93 (31.7%) | 183 (34.7%) | |
| Chemotherapy | 0.41492 | |||
| Missing | 4 (1.7%) | 4 (1.3%) | 8 (1.5%) | |
| No | 138 (58.2%) | 197 (63.8%) | 335 (61.4%) | |
| Yes | 95 (40.1%) | 108 (35.0%) | 203 (37.2%) | |
| Radiation prior to lymphedema diagnosis or within 18 months for those who were lymphedema-free | 0.85702 | |||
| 0 No | 73 (30.7%) | 97 (31.4%) | 170 (31.1%) | |
| 1 Yes | 165 (69.3%) | 212 (68.6%) | 377 (68.9%) | |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | 0.96501 | |||
| N | 238 | 309 | 547 | |
| Mean (SD) | 28.4 (6.0) | 28.0 (5.4) | 28.2 (5.7) | |
| Range | (18.0–57.9) | (16.4–53.3) | (16.4–57.9) |
**
Not all participants answered all questions
1
Kruskal Wallis (unadjusted)
2
Chi-Square (unadjusted)