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. 2021 Jan 7;12(1):11. doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-03353-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Experimental design for examining the effects of MSTN or TNFα inhibition on mature human myotubes treated with BDL serum. b BDL or sham mouse serum-treated human myotubes were treated with follistatin or TNFRII-Fc at the concentrations indicated. Myotubes were stained for MyHC and the MyHC-positive area was quantified. c The expression levels of MSTN in the human myotubes treated with sham or BDL serum were quantified. d The expression levels of TNF receptor genes (TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B) in the human myotubes treated with sham or BDL serum were quantified. e The expression levels of TNF receptor genes (Tnfrsf1a and Tnfrsf1b) in TA muscles from sham or BDL operation mice were quantified. n = 8 (sham) and n = 6 (BDL) independent wells for control (no addition of follistatin or TNFRII-Fc), n = 7, 7, and 8 (sham) and n = 6, 7, and 7 (BDL) for 0.01, 0.1, and 1 μg/mL of follistatin, respectively. n = 7, 7, and 8 (sham) and n = 8, 8, and 8 (BDL) for 0.01, 0.1, and 1 μg/mL of TNFRII-Fc, respectively (b), n = 5 independent wells (c, d), n = 7 for sham and 9 for BDL mice (e). Data represent individual data points and the means. Data were analysed using the two-sided unpaired t-test, t-test with Welch’s correction, or ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test. NS not significant. Scale bar, 100 μm (b).