Table 2.
Lists the (mean ± standard deviation) of the demographics, clinical measures, behavioural measures and the reinforcement learning estimates between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder group and Healthy Controls.
| Parameter | ADHD | HV | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 33.48 ± 9.8 | 31.04 ± 8.24 | ns | |
| FSIQ | 108.77 ± 6.63 | 108.85 ± 6.83 | ns | |
| BDI | 14.36 ± 8.7 | 6.63 ± 6.9 | 0.001 | |
| ADHD Index | 24.16 ± 5.72 | 8.96 ± 5.03 | <0.001 | |
| STAI Trait | 54.28 ± 11.44 | 37.7 ± 10.88 | <0.001 | |
| Medication duration (months) | 32 ± 40.8 | Not applicable | ||
| DSM—Inattentive | 18.96 ± 4.8 | 7.16 ± 4.4 | <0.001 | |
| DSM—hyperactivity/Impulsivity | 18.04 ± 6 | 4.7 ± 3.3 | <0.001 | |
| Gender—Male (Female) | 15 (10) | 16 (8) | Χ2(1) = 0.234, p = ns |
| Behvaioural measures and Reinforcement Learning estimates | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure | Controls-Placebo | Controls-MPH | ADHD-Placebo | ADHD-MPH |
| Percentage of risky choices | 0.52 ± 0.06 | 0.53 ± 0.06 | 0.53 ± 0.06 | 0.54 ± 0.07 |
| Response time of risky choice (ms) | 841 ± 163.7 | 804.2 ± 121 | 840 ± 222.5 | 833.1 ± 220.6 |
| Response time of Non-risky choice (ms) | 822.4 ± 147.6 | 800.7 ± 137.1 | 830 ± 214 | 840 ± 222.5 |
| β1-Randomness Stage1 | 4.1 ± 3.7 | 5.7 ± 4.01 | 4.3 ± 2.6 | 4.45 ± 3.1 |
| β2-Randomness Stage2 | 3.2 ± 1.68 | 3.7 ± 1.92 | 2.7 ± 1.76 | 3.48 ± 2.13 |
| η1-Learning rate Stage1 | 0.52 ± 0.3 | 0.52 ± 0.27 | 0.46 ± 0.33 | 0.44 ± 0.35 |
| η2-Learning rate Stage2 | 0.41 ± 0.25 | 0.43 ± 0.28 | 0.45 ± 0.31 | 0.42 ± 0.25 |
| ps-Perseveration | 0.13 ± 0.2 | 0.14 ± 0.17 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.14 ± 0.18 |
| w-Model free - model based | 0.36 ± 0.26 | 0.36 ± 0.29 | 0.29 ± 0.23 | 0.24 ± 0.22 |
MPH methylphenidate, ADHD attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, HV healthy volunteers, FSIQ Full Scale Intelligence Quotient, ADHD Index, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, STAI State-Trait Anxiety Inventory measures of healthy controls and patient group.