Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Study (year) | Country | Animal (number) | Type of skin flap | Skin flap (cm2) | Cell type | Tissue of origin | Transplant type | Cell number | Method of administration | Placebo | Outcome index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chehelcheraghi et al., 2020 [48] | Iran | Wistar rats (10) | Random | 24 | MSCs | Bone marrow | Allogenic | 6 × 109 | Subcutaneous injection | None | 1. Survival rate of flap 2. Blood vessel density |
| Chehelcheraghi et al., 2019 [8] | Iran | Wistar rats (20) | Random | 24 | MSCs | Bone marrow | Allogenic | 6 × 109 | Subcutaneous injection | Saline | 1. Survival rate of flap 2. VEGF |
| Chehelcheraghi et al., 2016 [47] | Iran | Wistar rats (20) | Random | 24 | MSCs | Bone marrow | Allogenic | 1 × 109 | Subcutaneous injection | Saline | 1. Survival rate of flap |
| Chehelcheraghi et al., 2015 [46] | Iran | Wistar rats (20) | Random | 24 | MSCs | Bone marrow | Allogenic | 1 × 109 | Subcutaneous injection | Saline | 1. Survival rate of flap |
| Ding et al. #1, 2020 [45] | China | Wistar rats (12) | Axial | 25 | MSCs | Bone marrow | Allogenic | 1 × 106 | Subcutaneous injection | PBS | 1. Survival rate of flap |
| Ding et al. #2, 2020 [45] | China | Wistar rats (12) | Axial | 25 | MSCs | Bone marrow | Allogenic | 5 × 106 | Subcutaneous injection | PBS | 1. Survival rate of flap |
| Feng et al. #1, 2020 [44] | China | BALB/C mice (20) | Random | 9 | ASCs | Adipose | Xenogenic | 1 × 103 | Intra-arterial injection | PBS | 1. Survival rate of flap 2. Blood vessel density 3. VEGF |
| Feng et al. #2, 2020 [44] | China | BALB/C mice (20) | Random | 9 | ASCs | Adipose | Xenogenic | 1 × 104 | Intra-arterial injection | PBS | 1. Survival rate of flap 2. Blood vessel density 3. VEGF |
| Feng et al. #3, 2020 [44] | China | BALB/C mice (20) | Random | 9 | ASCs | Adipose | Xenogenic | 1 × 105 | Intra-arterial injection | PBS | 1. Survival rate of flap 2. Blood vessel density 3. VEGF |
| Gao et al., 2011 [43] | China | BALB/c mice (30) | Random | 3 | ASCs | Adipose | Xenogenic | 1 × 107 | Subcutaneous injection | Medium | 1. Survival rate of flap 2. Blood vessel density 3. VEGF |
| Han et al., 2015 [42] | Korea | SD rats (14) | Random | 24 | ASCs | Adipose | Allogenic | 5 × 105 | Subcutaneous injection | Medium | 1. Survival rate of flap |
| Leng et al., 2017 [41] | China | Wistar rats (48) | Random | 18 | MSCs | Umbilical cord | Xenogenic | 4 × 105 | Subcutaneous injection | None | 1. Survival rate of flap |
| Leng et al., 2012 [40] | China | BALB/c mice (20) | Axial | 18 | MSCs | Umbilical cord | Xenogenic | 4 × 105 | Subcutaneous injection | Medium | 1. Survival rate of flap 2. Blood vessel density 3. VEGF |
| Moon et al., 2018 [39] | Korea | ICR mice (16) | Random | 4.5 | MSCs | Bone marrow | Allogenic | 2 × 106 | Subcutaneous injection | None | 1. Survival rate of flap 2. Blood vessel density |
| Pak et al., 2020 [28] | Korea | SD rats (12) | Random | 27 | ASCs | Adipose | Xenogenic | 5 × 106 | Subcutaneous injection | None | 1. Survival rate of flap 2. Blood vessel density |
| Park et al., 2017 [38] | Korea | BALB/c mice (16) | Random | 8 | ASCs | Adipose | Xenogenic | 1.5 × 106 | Subcutaneous injection | PBS | 1. Survival rate of flap |
| Pu et al., 2017 [19] | China | C57BL/6 J mice (12) | Random | 4 | ASCs | Adipose | Xenogenic | 1 × 106 | Subcutaneous injection | Medium | 1. Survival rate of flap 2. Blood vessel density |
| Reichenberger et al., 2012 [37] | Germany | Lewis rats (16) | Axial | 60 | ASCs | Adipose | Allogenic | 5 × 106 | Intravenous injection | Medium | 1. Survival rate of flap 2. Blood vessel density |
| Suartz et al., 2014 [36] | Brazil | Wistar rats (30) | Random | 40 | ASCs | Adipose | Allogenic | 5 × 106 | Intravenous injection | PBS | 1. Survival rate of flap 2. Blood vessel density |
| Tang et al., 2016 [35] | USA | C57Bl6 mice (12) | Random | 2 | MSCs | Bone marrow | Allogenic | 3 × 106 | Intravenous injection | None | 1. Survival rate of flap 2. Blood vessel density |
| Wang et al., 2011 [34] | China | SD rats (20) | Random | 16 | MSCs | Bone marrow | Allogenic | 4 × 106 | Subcutaneous injection | Medium | 1. Survival rate of flap 2. Blood vessel density 3. VEGF |
| Yang et al. #1, 2010 [33] | China | Wistar rats (20) | Random | 27 | MNCs | Bone marrow | Allogenic | 1 × 108 | Subcutaneous injection | Medium | 1. Survival rate of flap 2. VEGF |
| Yang et al. #2, 2010 [33] | China | Wistar rats (20) | Random | 27 | ASCs | Adipose | Allogenic | 4 × 106 | Subcutaneous injection | Medium | 1. Survival rate of flap 2. VEGF |
| Zhou et al., 2019 [18] | China | BALB/C mice (40) | Random | 1.25 | MSCs | Bone marrow | Xenogenic | 2.5 × 104 | Subcutaneous transplantation | None | 1. Survival rate of flap 2. Blood vessel density |
ASCs adipose-derived stem cells, ICR imprinting control region, MNCs mononuclear cells, MSCs mesenchymal stem cells, NA not available, PBS phosphate-buffered saline, SD Sprague-Dawley, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor