Table 2.
Sleep state according to chronotype
| Variable | Groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MM (n = 13) | NT (n = 164) | ME (n = 108) | DE (n = 55) | p-value | |
|
PSQI global score |
2.46 ± 2.26a | 3.14 ± 2.00c,d | 4.09 ± 2.15 | 5.05 ± 3.23 | < 0.001 |
|
PSQI sleep quality |
0.62 ± 0.51a | 0.83 ± 0.59c,d | 1.06 ± 0.58 | 1.21 ± 0.61 | < 0.001 |
|
PSQI sleep onset latency |
0.15 ± 0.38a,b | 0.62 ± 0.71c,d | 0.97 ± 0.87 | 1.16 ± 1.08 | < 0.001 |
|
PSQI sleep duration |
0.23 ± 0.83 | 0.30 ± 0.70 | 0.41 ± 0.76 | 0.48 ± 0.94 | 0.376 |
|
PSQI sleep efficiency |
0.31 ± 0.85 | 0.16 ± 0.57 | 0.16 ± 0.48 | 0.34 ± 0.87 | 0.187 |
|
PSQI sleep disturbance |
0.77 ± 0.44 | 0.85 ± 0.57d | 1.01 ± 0.50 | 1.13 ± 0.62 | 0.002 |
|
PSQI use of medications |
0.15 ± 0.55 | 0.05 ± 0.33 | 0.02 ± 0.13 | 0.08 ± 0.38 | 0.337 |
|
PSQI daytime dysfunction |
0.23 ± 0.60 | 0.33 ± 0.55d | 0.46 ± 0.66 | 0.64 ± 0.68 | 0.005 |
PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, MM moderately morning type, NT neither type, ME Moderately evening type, DE definitely evening type, BMI body mass index
aMM vs DE; bMM vs ME; cNT vs ME; dNT vs DE