Table 3.

Change of titanium surfaces after ultrasonic instrumentation with different tips based on SEM imaging

	I		II		III		IV
Surface type	Moderate rough		Moderate rough		No pre- instrumentation		machined
	Surface morphology	Tip remnants		Tip remnants		Tip remnants		Tipremnants
A	Loss of characteristic morphology, flatter	None	Loss of characteristic morphology, flatter	None	visible traces of instrumentation, slightly flatter	None	Scratches, rougher	None
(n = 4 × 8)
B	Slightly flatter	Sporadic	Slightly flatter	Sporadic	No changes	Sporadic	No changes	None
(n = 4 × 8)
C	Loss of characteristic morphology, flatter	None	Loss of characteristic morphology, flatter	None	visible traces of instrumentation, slightly flatter	None	Scratches, rougher	None
(n = 4 × 8)
D	No changes	Sporadic	No surface changes	Slight	No changes	Slight	No changes	None
(n = 4 × 8)
E	No changes	abundant	No surface changes	abundant	No changes	abundant	No changes	None
(n = 4 × 8)

Disc I—Inicell, Disc II—SLA, Disc III—non pretreated, Disc IV—machined

A—steel, B—PEEK, C—titanium, D—carbon, E—resin