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. 2021 Jan 7;18:4. doi: 10.1186/s12970-020-00401-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — a: Mean ± SD (n = 10). Postabsorptive plus exercise and postprandial post-exercise recovery whole-body protein synthesis after WHEY, EAA + W, and MEAL intake during energy deficit. *indicates post hoc difference between postabsorptive and postprandial within the same treatment (P = 0.001) and different lowercase letters indicate post hoc difference between treatments within the same condition (both, P < 0.01). b: Mean ± SD (n = 10). Postabsorptive plus exercise and postprandial post-exercise recovery whole-body protein breakdown after WHEY, EAA + W, and MEAL intake during energy deficit. *indicates post hoc difference between postabsorptive and postprandial within the same treatment (P = 0.011) and different lowercase letters indicate post hoc difference between treatments within the same condition (both, P = 0.001). c: Mean ± SD (n = 10). Postabsorptive plus exercise and postprandial post-exercise recovery whole-body net balance after WHEY, EAA + W, and MEAL intake during energy deficit. *indicates post hoc difference between postabsorptive and postprandial within the same treatment (P = 0.001) and different lowercase letters indicate post hoc difference between treatments within the same condition (both, P = 0.001). d: Mean ± SD (n = 10). Change in postabsorptive plus exercise and postprandial post-exercise recovery whole-body protein turnover after WHEY, EAA + W, and MEAL intake during energy deficit. Different lowercase letters indicate difference between treatments within the protein synthesis, protein breakdown, and net balance measures (all, P < 0.05). e: Change in postabsorptive plus exercise and postprandial post-exercise recovery whole-body protein synthesis relative to EAA intake after WHEY, EAA + W, and MEAL intake during energy deficit. Different lowercase letters indicate difference between treatments (all, P < 0.05). f: Mean ± SD (n = 10). Postabsorptive plus exercise and postprandial post-exercise recovery phenylalanine hydroxylation after WHEY, EAA + W, and MEAL intake during energy deficit. *indicates post hoc difference between postabsorptive and postprandial within the same treatment (P = 0.001) and different lowercase letters indicate post hoc difference between treatments within the same condition (both, P = 0.001)