Table 3.
Factors associated with the incidence of mild to severe depression at 24 months amongst participants without depression at baseline (N = 249)
| Univariable | Multivariablea | |
|---|---|---|
| RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | |
| Age (years) | 0.98 (0.94, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.04) |
| Female sex (n, %) | 2.47 (1.19, 5.13) | 2.51 (1.17, 5.37) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) |
| Education | ||
| School only (n, %) | Reference | Reference |
| High school (n, %) | 0.82 (0.23, 2.88) | 0.68 (0.20, 2.27) |
| University or higher (n, %) | 0.75 (0.24, 2.34) | 0.68 (0.23, 1.98) |
| Work status | ||
| Full-time employed (n, %) | Reference | Reference |
| Part-time/causal employment (n, %) | 0.85 (0.29, 2.55) | 0.74 (0.25, 2.18) |
| Unemployed/home duties/retired (n, %) | 1.22 (0.53, 2.81) | 1.40 (0.54, 3.67) |
| Work type | ||
| Manual (n, %) | Reference | Reference |
| Office/professional (n, %) | 0.83 (0.40, 1.72) | 0.68 (0.33, 1.38) |
| WOMAC score/ 10 unit | ||
| Pain (0–50) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) | 1.05 (1.02, 1.09) |
| Function (0–170) | 1.01 (1.01, 1.03) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) |
| Stiffness (0–20) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) |
| Multi-site joint pain, (n, %) | ||
| No pain | Reference | Reference |
| One site | 1.43 (0.68, 3.01) | 1.22 (0.58, 2.57) |
| More than one site | 2.73 (0.91, 8.22) | 3.55 (1.31, 9.58) |
| Comorbidity, (n, %) | ||
| No comorbidity | Reference | Reference |
| One comorbidity | 1.02 (0.50, 2.08) | 1.13 (0.54, 2.38) |
| More than one comorbidity | 1.51 (0.23, 9.83) | 1.34 (0.21, 8.66) |
a All multivariable analyses were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, baseline 25-(OH)D level, and intervention, except for age (adjusted for sex, BMI baseline 25-(OH)D level and intervention), sex (adjusted for age, BMI, baseline 25-(OH)D level and intervention) and BMI (adjusted for age, sex, baseline 25-(OH)D level and intervention)
Mild to severe depression was defined as PHQ-9 scores ≥5