Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| Placebo (N = 22) | Empagliflozin (N = 20) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age—years | 61.2 ± 7.9 | 62.8 ± 5.4 | 0.466 |
| Male—no. (%) | 18 (81.8) | 16 (80) | 0.881 |
| BMI—kg/m2 | 31.2 ± 4.0 | 31.4 ± 5.3 | 0.905 |
| Systolic blood pressure—mmHg | 136 ± 18 | 135 ± 16 | 0.934 |
| Diastolic blood pressure—mmHg | 81 ± 14 | 82 ± 13 | 0.964 |
| Heart rate—bpm | 69 ± 15 | 71 ± 12 | 0.587 |
| Type 2 diabetes | |||
| Glycated hemoglobin—% | 7.9 ± 1.3 | 7.5 ± 0.9 | 0.228 |
| Diabetes duration—years | 9 (6–18) | 10 (4–14) | 0.523 |
| Insulin treated—no. (%) | 8 (36) | 11 (55) | 0.475 |
| Metformin—no. (%) | 18 (82) | 13 (65) | 0.410 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors—no. (%) | 6 (27) | 8 (40) | 0.552 |
| Others—no. (%) | 1 (5) | 3 (15) | 0.308 |
| History of CVD—no. (%) | |||
| Coronary heart disease | 15 (68.2) | 15 (75) | 0.625 |
| Myocardial infarction | 10 (45.5) | 5 (25) | 0.205 |
| CABG | 4 (18.2) | 4 (20) | 0.881 |
| PCI | 12 (54.5) | 10 (50) | 0.768 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 2 (9.1) | 4 (20) | 0.313 |
| Chronic heart failure—no. (%) | 11 (50) | 7 (35) | 0.327 |
| Medication—no. (%) | |||
| Antiplatelets | 16 (73) | 11 (55) | 0.975 |
| Oral anticoagulants | 5 (23) | 6 (30) | 0.914 |
| Diuretics | 10 (45) | 10 (50) | 0.549 |
| Statins | 15 (68) | 15 (75) | 0.455 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 5 (23) | 4 (20) | 0.637 |
| Beta blockers | 16 (73) | 16 (80) | 0.345 |
| RAAS inhibitors | 20 (91) | 15 (75) | 0.115 |
| e GFR—mL/min/1.73 m2 | 88 ± 16 | 77 ± 21 | 0.076 |
| Total cholesterol—mg/dL | 155 ± 39 | 169 ± 41 | 0.257 |
| LDL-C—mg/dL | 95 ± 38 | 103 ± 36 | 0.522 |
| HDL-C—mg/dL | 44 ± 9 | 43 ± 9 | 0.530 |
| Triglycerides—mg/dL | 156 ± 71 | 245 ± 150 | 0.023 |
Values are mean ± SD for normally distributed data and median and interquartile range for non-normally distributed data, or no. (%); p-values for continuous variables were calculated using t test, the p-value for diabetes duration was assessed by Kruskal–Wallis test; p-values for categorical variables were calculated using chi-squared test; p-values ≤ 0.05 were categorized as statistically significant
BMI body mass index, CABG coronary artery bypass graft, CVD cardiovascular disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, RAAS renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system