Table 4.

Pharmacological activities of patchouli in anti-inflammation

Chemical name	Animals/cells and Pathological model	Type	Efficient doses and administration route	Results	References
β-PAE	LPS-stimulatedRAW264.7 macrophages	In vitro	10, 20, 40 μmol/L	TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-1β↓, IL-10↑, iNOS↓, COX-2↓, NO↓, PGE2↓	[99]
	Kun Ming (KM) mice; Xylene-induced ear edema, Acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, Carrageenan-induced paw edema	In vivo	10, 20, 40 mg/kgoral administration	MDA↓, MPO↓, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, PGE2↓, IL-6↓, NO↓, iNOS↓, COX-2↓, p65 (nuclear)↓	[100]
PAO	KM mice; Xylene-induced ear edema, Acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, Carrageenan-induced paw edema	In vivo	10, 20, 40 mg/kg oral administration	TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, PGE2↓, NO↓, IL-4↑, IL-10↑, COX-2↓, iNOS↓, p-IKKβ and IκBα↓	[102]
	LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages	In vitro	10, 20, 40 μmol/L	TNF-α↓, IL-12↓, IL-1β↓, MCP-1↓, PGE2↓, NO↓, iNOS↓, COX-2↓	[103]
PO	Swiss mice; Zymosan-induced peritonitis	In vivo	100, 200, 300 mg/kg oral administration	Leukocyte recruitment↓, NO↓, leukocyte number↓	[104]
	fMLP-induced neutrophils	In vitro	1, 3, 10, 30, 60, 90 mg/ml	Neutrophil migration↓
			3, 10 mg/ml	Phagocytic activity of neutrophils↑

Note: Arrow up denotes activation; arrow down denotes suppression