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. 2021 Jan 8;22:25. doi: 10.1186/s13059-020-02208-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Evolution of gene expression in five cichlids. a Ten (0–9, heatmaps) co-expression modules identified by Arboretum [9] in six tissues of five cichlid species. Color bar denotes log expression ratio across each tissue, relative to the mean expression across all tissues—(red) activated, (green) repressed and (black) no change. Each heatmap shows the expression profile of genes assigned to that module in a given species and height is proportional to number of genes in the module (on bottom). b Number of state changes in module assignment of 1-to-1 orthologous genes along the five cichlid phylogeny [18]. Blue numbers: ancestral node genes assigned to modules; green numbers: state changes compared to the deepest common ancestor (Anc4); red numbers: state changes from last common ancestor (LCA); purple numbers: state changes in the one “focal” species compared to all other species; orange numbers: convergent state changes in each of the “focal” species and any of the other species