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. 2021 Jan 7;12:20. doi: 10.1186/s13287-020-02078-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Comparison of 45 different signal transduction pathways following USC-Exo treatment in HUVECs. a Pathway reporters are listed by log2 ratio fold-change values in HUVECs treated with USC-Exo compared to cells treated with PBS. The results revealed that the PI3K/AKT signaling cascade changed the most in HUVECs after treatment with USC-Exo. b The expression of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway components in HUVECs after treatment with USC-Exo was detected by Western blot analysis. c Representative images of HUVEC tube formation in vitro after USC-Exo treatment with added LY294002 and L-NAME. d Quantitative analysis of the number of total loops, branch points, and total tube length shown in c. e Representative images of HUVEC migration in the USC-Exo treatment groups with added LY294002 and L-NAME in the scratch assay. f The percentage of the migration area calculated from e. g Western blot analysis of phosphorylated and total PI3K/AKT levels in HUVECs upon combination LY294002 and L-NAME treatment. The data are presented as the means ± SD; n = 6 per group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared among different treatment groups