Table 2.
Provision of evidence-based smoking cessation treatment by healthcare system and provider characteristics
| Exposure | Provided Evidence-Based Smoking Cessation Treatment N = 328 (%)a |
Did not Provide Evidence-Based Smoking Cessation Treatment N = 38 (%)b |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) of Providing Evidence-Based Smoking Cessation Treatment c |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary Analysis: Healthcare System | |||
| Veterans Health Administration | 90 (27.4%) | 3 (7.9%) | 4.3 (1.3–14.4) |
| Academic Health Center | 238 (72.6%) | 35 (92.1%) | Refd |
| Secondary Analysis: Healthcare Provider Baseline Characteristics | |||
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | |||
| Gender, n (%) | |||
| Female | 182 (55.5%) | 24 (63.2%) | 0.7 (0.4–1.5) |
| Ethnicity/Race, n (%)c | |||
| White | 261 (79.6%) | 36 (94.7%) | 0.2 (0.1–1.0) |
| Non-White | 67 (20.4%) | 2 (5.3%) | Ref |
| Professional Characteristics | |||
| Medical Specialty, n (%) | |||
| General Internal Medicine | 199 (60.7%) | 16 (42.1%) | 1.4 (0.4–4.4) |
| Hematology/Oncology | 57 (17.4%) | 12 (31.6%) | 0.5 (0.2–1.8) |
| Pulmonology | 35 (10.7%) | 4 (10.5%) | Ref |
| Gynecology | 37 (11.3%) | 6 (15.8%) | 0.9 (0.2–3.5) |
| Medical Position, n (%) | |||
| Attending | 156 (47.6%) | 15 (39.5%) | Ref |
| Non-Attending | 172 (52.4%) | 23 (60.5%) | 0.7 (0.4–1.5) |
| Years Since Completion of Terminal Degree, n (%) | |||
| < 1–5 | 155 (47.3%) | 20 (52.6%) | Ref |
| 6–15 | 91 (27.7%) | 10 (26.3%) | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) |
| > 16 | 80 (24.4%) | 8 (21.1%) | 1.1 (0.4–2.6) |
| Missing | 2 (0.6%) | 0 | |
| Practice Location, n (%) | |||
| Hospital-based clinic | 240 (73.2%) | 22 (57.9%) | 2.3 (1.1–4.7) |
| Community-based clinic | 88 (26.8%) | 16 (42.1%) | Ref |
| < 50% of Time Providing Direct Patient Care, n (%) | 79 (24.1%) | 8 (21.1%) | 1.1 (0.5–2.6) |
| Perceived Percentage of Current Smokers in Healthcare Provider’s Practice, median (IQR) | 25 (15, 40) | 20 (10, 25) | 1.3 (1.0–2.7) |
| Perceived Percentage of Former Smokers in Healthcare Provider’s Practice, median (IQR) | 30 (20, 50) | 35 (20, 50) | 0.9 (0.8–2.7) |
| Perceived Effectiveness of Smoking Cessation at Decreasing Cancer Mortality, n (%) | |||
| Very Effective | 234 (71.3%) | 26 (68.4%) | 1.1 (0.5–2.3) |
| Not Very Effective | 92 (28.0%) | 12 (31.6%) | Ref |
| Missing | 2 (0.6%) | 0 | |
aEvidence-based smoking cessation treatment defined as providing counseling and FDA-approved smoking cessation medications or placing a referral for smoking cessation services within the past 12 months. bNon-evidence-based smoking cessation treatment defined as not providing counseling and FDA-approved smoking cessation medications or placing a referral for smoking cessation services within the past 12 months. cFor the primary analysis, logistic regression (adjusted by medical specialty) was used to assess the association of healthcare system with the odds of providing evidence-based smoking cessation treatment; for the secondary analysis logistic regression (adjusted for healthcare system) was used to assess the association of healthcare provider characteristics with the odds of providing evidence-based smoking cessation treatment; Missing values were not included in the models. dRef refers to reference