Table 1.
General characteristics of the sample at baseline (2016)
| Variables | CESD-11 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | P value | Female | P value | |||||||||
| N | % | MEANS | ± | SD | N | % | MEANS | ± | SD | |||
| Substandard housing | ||||||||||||
| No | 3,940 | 84.4 | 2.88 | ± | 3.97 | 0.0013 | 4,856 | 84.7 | 3.85 | ± | 4.46 | 0.0069 |
| Yes | 731 | 15.6 | 3.56 | ± | 4.39 | 877 | 15.3 | 4.32 | ± | 4.69 | ||
| Household type | ||||||||||||
| Without disabled members | 4,189 | 89.7 | 2.82 | ± | 3.93 | 0.3255 | 5,341 | 93.2 | 3.75 | ± | 4.40 | <.0001 |
| With disabled members | 482 | 10.3 | 4.36 | ± | 4.71 | 392 | 6.8 | 6.24 | ± | 5.13 | ||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| < 30 | 507 | 10.9 | 2.09 | ± | 3.56 | 0.0607 | 678 | 11.8 | 2.76 | ± | 3.94 | <.0001 |
| 30-39 | 692 | 14.8 | 2.20 | ± | 3.56 | 756 | 13.2 | 2.47 | ± | 3.72 | ||
| 40-49 | 957 | 20.5 | 2.42 | ± | 3.63 | 945 | 16.5 | 2.63 | ± | 3.73 | ||
| 50-59 | 794 | 17.0 | 2.81 | ± | 3.97 | 897 | 15.6 | 3.60 | ± | 4.26 | ||
| 60-69 | 680 | 14.6 | 3.17 | ± | 3.99 | 933 | 16.3 | 4.34 | ± | 4.51 | ||
| ≥ 70 | 1,041 | 22.3 | 4.46 | ± | 4.58 | 1,524 | 26.6 | 5.88 | ± | 4.91 | ||
| Region | ||||||||||||
| Metropolitan | 1,977 | 42.3 | 2.83 | ± | 3.99 | 0.1666 | 2,444 | 42.6 | 3.64 | ± | 4.50 | 0.0235 |
| Rural | 2,694 | 57.7 | 3.09 | ± | 4.08 | 3,289 | 57.4 | 4.12 | ± | 4.50 | ||
| Education level | ||||||||||||
| Middle school or under | 1,297 | 27.8 | 4.38 | ± | 4.57 | <.0001 | 2,600 | 45.4 | 5.26 | ± | 4.82 | 0.0004 |
| High school | 1,543 | 33.0 | 2.69 | ± | 3.80 | 1,468 | 25.6 | 3.04 | ± | 4.05 | ||
| College or above | 1,831 | 39.2 | 2.24 | ± | 3.57 | 1,665 | 29.0 | 2.60 | ± | 3.72 | ||
| Marriage status | ||||||||||||
| Living w/ spouse | 4,480 | 95.9 | 3.03 | ± | 4.07 | 0.0817 | 5,632 | 98.2 | 3.95 | ± | 4.51 | 0.1511 |
| Living w/o spouse | 191 | 4.1 | 1.80 | ± | 3.24 | 101 | 1.8 | 2.16 | ± | 3.42 | ||
| Income level | ||||||||||||
| Low | 947 | 20.3 | 4.68 | ± | 4.70 | 0.0003 | 1,664 | 29.0 | 5.69 | ± | 4.92 | <.0001 |
| Lower middle | 1,255 | 26.9 | 3.23 | ± | 4.06 | 1,416 | 24.7 | 3.80 | ± | 4.40 | ||
| Upper middle | 1,253 | 26.8 | 2.35 | ± | 3.63 | 1,318 | 23.0 | 3.07 | ± | 4.06 | ||
| High | 1,216 | 26.0 | 2.06 | ± | 3.39 | 1,335 | 23.3 | 2.67 | ± | 3.71 | ||
| Employment type | ||||||||||||
| Permanent employee | 2,503 | 53.6 | 2.49 | ± | 3.64 | 0.0129 | 1,290 | 22.5 | 3.39 | ± | 4.27 | 0.2980 |
| Temporary employee | 545 | 11.7 | 2.65 | ± | 3.80 | 787 | 13.7 | 3.11 | ± | 4.12 | ||
| Daily hired employee | 359 | 7.7 | 3.59 | ± | 4.19 | 844 | 14.7 | 4.18 | ± | 4.34 | ||
| Nonemployee | 1,264 | 27.1 | 3.93 | ± | 4.63 | 2,812 | 49.0 | 4.31 | ± | 4.70 | ||
| Housing benefit | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 4,462 | 95.5 | 2.86 | ± | 3.95 | <.0001 | 5,420 | 94.5 | 3.83 | ± | 4.45 | 0.5875 |
| No | 209 | 4.5 | 5.58 | ± | 5.09 | 313 | 5.5 | 5.42 | ± | 5.17 | ||
| Housing Tenure | ||||||||||||
| Owner-occupation | 3,126 | 66.9 | 2.82 | ± | 3.93 | 0.0099 | 3,617 | 63.1 | 3.69 | ± | 4.36 | <.0001 |
| Rental | 1,545 | 33.1 | 3.31 | ± | 4.24 | 2,116 | 36.9 | 4.30 | ± | 4.72 | ||
| Housing Type | ||||||||||||
| Detached dwelling | 1,168 | 25.0 | 3.62 | ± | 4.30 | 0.4465 | 1,541 | 26.9 | 4.74 | ± | 4.67 | 0.5302 |
| Multi-family house | 3,321 | 71.1 | 2.77 | ± | 3.94 | 3,966 | 69.2 | 3.61 | ± | 4.40 | ||
| Commercial building | 182 | 3.9 | 2.70 | ± | 3.79 | 226 | 3.9 | 3.71 | ± | 4.50 | ||
| Smoking status | ||||||||||||
| Current smoker | 1,639 | 35.1 | 2.96 | ± | 4.04 | 0.0420 | 120 | 2.1 | 5.91 | ± | 5.29 | 0.0010 |
| Non-smoker | 3,032 | 64.9 | 3.00 | ± | 4.05 | 5,613 | 97.9 | 3.88 | ± | 4.47 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1,519 | 32.5 | 3.37 | ± | 4.28 | 0.0623 | 3,885 | 67.8 | 4.16 | ± | 4.60 | 0.0015 |
| No | 3,152 | 67.5 | 2.79 | ± | 3.91 | 1,848 | 32.2 | 3.40 | ± | 4.25 | ||
| Percieved health status | ||||||||||||
| Healthy | 4,093 | 87.6 | 2.67 | ± | 3.82 | <.0001 | 4,785 | 83.5 | 3.49 | ± | 4.27 | <.0001 |
| Unhealthy | 578 | 12.4 | 5.21 | ± | 4.83 | 948 | 16.5 | 6.09 | ± | 5.01 | ||
| Chronic diseases | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 2,406 | 51.5 | 2.25 | ± | 3.48 | <.0001 | 2,577 | 45.0 | 2.78 | ± | 3.91 | 0.0042 |
| No | 2,265 | 48.5 | 3.76 | ± | 4.43 | 3,156 | 55.0 | 4.85 | ± | 4.73 | ||
| Total | 4,671 | 100.0 | 2.99 | ± | 4.05 | 5,733 | 100.0 | 3.92 | ± | 4.50 | ||