Table 7.

Associations of early life famine exposure and adulthood anthropometric measurements stratified by sex and residency, multivariable linear regression analysis, North Wollo Zone, Raya Kobo district, Northeast Ethiopia, 2019 (n = 1384)

Heighta	Famine exposure status
	Early life exposed	Prenatal exposed	post-natal exposed	Adolescence Exposed	Non-exposed
Male	−4.67 (−6.36, −2.97)	−1.44 (−2.86, −0.03)	−1.42 (−3.05, 0.21)	−1.1 (− 1.30, −4.83)	Ref.
Female	− 0.16 (− 4.56, 4.24)	− 2.73 (− 4.45, − 1.02)	− 2.30 (− 4.05, − 0.53)	− 1.60 (− 3.05, 4.16)	Ref.
Urban	−0.36 (− 1.56, 0.82)	0.07 (− 3.82, − 3.97)	0.98 (− 2.42, 0.45)	0.45 (− 6.04, 5.13)	Ref.
Rural	−4.24 (− 6.39, − 2.09)	−2.47 (− 4.63,0.31)	− 3.33 (−5.43, − 1.24)	−2.28 (−9.15, 4.72)	Ref.
Waist to height ratio (WHtR)
Male	0.02 (0.02,0.04)	0.02 (0.01, 0.03)	0.02 (0.01, 0.04)	0.07 (0.03, 0.04)	Ref.
Female	0.07(− 0.08,0.02)	0.02 (0.04 0.05)	0.02 (0.02, 0.05)	0.02 (0.03, 0.04)	Ref.
Urban	0.03 (0.02, 0.05)	0.03 (0.03,0.054)	0.10 (−0.20, 0.02)	0.03 (− 0.09, 0.03)	Ref.
Rural	0.07 (−0.06, 0.02)	0.03 (0.02, 0.03)	0.07(−0.12, 0.05)	0.05 (−0.05, 0.05)	Ref.
Body mass index
Male	−0.15 (− 0.93, 0.63)	−0.20 (− 1.20, 0.80)	0.20 (−2.4, 2.7)	− 1.36 (− 2.27, 0.52)	Ref.
Female	0.23 (− 0.62, 1.07)	0.84 (− 0.19, 1.88)	0.16 (− 0.89, 1.22)	0.16(− 0.89, 1.22)	Ref.
Urban	−0.34(− 1.05, 0.37)	−0.07(− 0.99, 0.84)	−0.58(− 1.42, 0.38)	−0.37(− 1.15, 0.41)	Ref.
Rural	0.56(−0.44, 1.56)	1.06 (− 0.25, 2.38)	0.65 (− 0.60, 1.92)	0.02 (− 1.01, 1.04)	Ref.

All β-coefficients are related to the non-exposed groups, Ref—Reference

All analyses were adjusted for age, educational status, wealth index, dietary pattern, increased blood pressure, physical activity, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, history of chronic diseases and effect modifiers

^aAdult height adjusted for sex, age, residence, educational status, wealth index and effect modifiers