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. 2021 Jan 7;12:44. doi: 10.1186/s13287-020-02107-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — IFP-MSC spheroids effectively reverse synovitis and IFP fibrosis in vivo. Schematic indicating the generation of acute synovitis/IFP fibrosis rat model, therapeutic intervention, and chronological evaluation. a, b Hematoxylin/eosin staining (top 2 panels), Masson’s trichrome staining (middle two panels), and substance P immunolocalization (lower 2 panels) in sagitally sectioned knees of representative rats for healthy control, injected only with MIA or with both MIA and IFP-MSC spheroids. Compared with only MIA injected group, which showed a significant synovitis and IFP fibrosis with cellular infiltrates, a striking correlation was found between IFP-MSC spheroid treatment and the effect reducing inflammation and fibrosis after 3 and 25 days of a single intra-articular IFP-MSC injection (*p < 0.05). c After MIA injection, all animals developed OA changes that resulted in OA lesions on day 28. IFP-MSC spheroid injection group did not show any major OA lesion development whereas articular cartilage sGAG content was preserved which was evident by the strong toluidine blue staining (*p < 0.05)