Table 2.
Short-term CR effect on functional capacity, frailty-scores, exercise capacity and muscular strength. Multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Chi-square tests were used to detect changes between intervention and control groups. T0 = assessment at admittance to CR, T1 = assessment at CR-completion
| Intervention group (n = 59) | Control group (n = 54) | p-value | |||||||
| Functional capacity | T0 M ± SD | T1 M ± SD | D T1-T0 M ± SD | T0 M ± SD | T1 M ± SD | D T1-T0 M ± SD | Time | Group | Interaction |
| 6MWD (m) | 247 ± 94.1 | 348 ± 100.1 | 108 ± 73.3 | 232 ± 102.8 | 333 ± 120.7 | 104 ± 90.4 | < 0.01 | 0.960 | 0.428 |
| SPPB (score) | 8.31 ± 2.21 | 9.51 ± 2.24 | 1.18 ± 1.51 | 7.95 ± 2.01 | 9.08 ± 2.35 | 1.14 ± 1.78 | < 0.01 | 0.847 | 0.380 |
| 5MWT (m/s) | 0.847 ± 0.31 | 0.965 ± 0.32 | 0.117 ± 0.21 | 0.765 ± 0.24 | 0.879 ± 0.29 | 0.114 ± 0.19 | < 0.01 | 0.946 | 0.204 |
| Work load (watt) | 70.5 ± 24.9 | 76.4 ± 26.7 | 7.25 ± 4.5 | 67.8 ± 16.6 | 81.8 ± 24.5 | 14 ± 14.6 | < 0.01 | 0.121 | 0.868 |
| Work load (watt/kg) | 0.94 ± 0.30 | 1.02 ± 0.32 | 0.08 ± 0.06 | 0.85 ± 0.17 | 1.04 ± 0.27 | 0.18 ± 0.09 | < 0.01 | 0.114 | 0.690 |
| PeakVO2, (ml/kg/min) | 12.8 ± 5.6 | 13.3 ± 3.5 | 1.47 ± 5.4 | 11.6 ± 2.9 | 13.3 ± 3.5 | 0.37 ± 3.4 | 0.097 | 0.929 | 0.451 |
| 1RM for leg extension (kg) | 46.6 ± 17.5 | 59.5 ± 21.5 | 10.1 ± 11.9 | 50.5 ± 20.9 | 53.5 ± 21.1 | 8.7 ± 9.7 | < 0.01 | 0.606 | 0.160 |
| CR duration, days, mean M ± SD | 19.2 ± 1.9 | 18.2 ± 2.6 | 0.021 | ||||||
| Exercise training sessions, mean M ± SD | 36.4 ± 2.84 | 28.7 ± 4.09 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Frailty level | Intervention group (n = 59) | Control group (n = 54) | p-value | ||||||
| Frailty level according to SPPB score | T0 (n, (%)) | T1 (n, (%)) | T0 (n, (%)) | T1 (n, (%)) | Time | Group | |||
| Frail | 20 (40.8%) | 14 (28.6%) | 14 (37.8%) | 11 (29.7%) | < 0.01 | 0.13 | |||
| Pre-frail | 11 (22.4%) | 7 (14.3%) | 13 (35.1%) | 8 (21.6%) | |||||
| Robust | 18 (36.7%) | 28 (57.1%) | 10 (27%) | 18 (48.6%) | |||||
| Frailty level according to 5MWT | T1 (n, (%)) | T2 (n, (%)) | T1 (n, (%)) | T2 (n, (%)) | Time | Group | |||
| Frail | 19 (40.4%) | 10 (21.7%) | 15 (41.7%) | 11 (30.6%) | < 0.01 | 0.12 | |||
| Pre-frail | 17 (36.2%) | 19 (41.3%) | 16 (44.4%) | 16 (44.4%) | |||||
| Robust | 11 (23.4%) | 17 (37%) | 5 (13.9%) | 9 (25%) | |||||
Abbrevations: T0 assessment at admittance to CR, T1 assessment at CR completion, n number, M mean, SD standard deviation, 6MWD six minute walking distance, m meters, SPPB short physical performance battery test, 5MWT five meters walking test, m/s meters per second, kg kilograms, ml mililiters, min minutes, 1RM one repetition maximum