Table 2.
Clinical attachment loss (CAL) and probing pocket depth (PPD) in moderate (4–6 mm) and deep sites (≥ 7 mm) at baseline, 3-months and 12-months follow up
| Baseline (a) | 3 months (b) | 12 months (c) | p value (intra-group) | Post-hoc (Bonferroni adjustment) | Effect size (∆3 months-BL)a | Effect size (∆12 months-BL)b | ∆3 months-BL | ∆12 months-BL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate sites (CAL) | |||||||||
| Probiotic group (n = 16) | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 6.0 ± 1.0 | 6.1 ± 1.2 | 0.0238 | a > b (p = 0.1208) | 0.4 ± 0.9 | 0.5 ± 0.9 | 0.4 ± 0.9 | 0.5 ± 0.9 |
| a > c (p = 0.0747) | |||||||||
| Antibiotic group (n = 16) | 5.9 ± 1.0 | 6.4 ± 1.3 | 6.4 ± 1.4 | 0.0018 | a < b (p = 0.0171) | − 0.04 ± 0.7 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.7 ± 0.9 | 0.5 ± 1.0 |
| a > c (p = 0.0340) | |||||||||
| Placebo group (n = 15) | 6.1 ± 1.3 | 6.0 ± 1.7 | 6.5 ± 1.6 | 0.0006 | a > b (p = 0.7333) | 0.7 ± 1.0 | 0.4 ± 1.0 | − 0.04 ± 0.7 | 0.4 ± 1.0 |
| a > c (p = 0.1398) | |||||||||
| p value (inter-group) | 0.4031 | 0.6160 | 0.7649 | 0.0857 | 0.9483 | ||||
| Deep sites (CAL) | |||||||||
| Probiotic group (n = 16) | 8.4 ± 1.8 | 9.3 ± 2.0 | 10.8 ± 3.6 | 0.0498 | a > b (p = 0.7127) | 0.05 ± 0.9 | 0.8 ± 1.1 | 0.1 ± 1.7 | 1.6 ± 2.2 |
| a > c (p = 0.1756) | |||||||||
| Antibiotic group (n = 16) | 9.5 ± 2.1 | 10.4 ± 2.4 | 11.2 ± 1.7 | 0.0498 | a > b (p = 0.6858) | 0.09 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 1.1 | 0.4 ± 1.1 |
| a > c (p = 0.5930) | |||||||||
| Placebo group (n = 15) | 9.5 ± 2.1 | 11.1 ± 2.0 | 10.6 ± 2.1 | 0.3386 | a > b (p = 0.2489) | 0.4 ± 1.5 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 2.9 | 0.8 ± 1.6 |
| a > c (p = 0.1763) | |||||||||
| p value (inter-group) | 0.4837 | 0.3254 | 0.9420 | 0.8257 | 0.6535 | ||||
| Moderate sites (PPD) | |||||||||
| Probiotic group (n = 16) | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 0.0006 | a > b (p = 0.1788) | − 0.2 ± 1.9 | − 0.8 ± 1.4 | − 0.06 ± 0.5 | − 0.2 ± 0.4 |
| a > c (p = 0.0464) | |||||||||
| Antibiotic group (n = 16) | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 0.0040 | a > b (p = 0.0287) | − 0.6 ± 0.8 | − 0.8 ± 0.7 | − 0.2 ± 0.2 | − 0.2 ± 0.2 |
| a > c (p = 0.0010) | |||||||||
| Placebo group (n = 15) | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 0.0280 | a > b (p = 0.0007) | − 1.4 ± 0.9 | − 1.3 ± 1.2 | − 0.4 ± 0.2 | − 0.4 ± 0.3 |
| a > c (p = 0.0012) | |||||||||
| p value (inter-group) | 0.6098 | 0.3097 | 0.7395 | 0.4489 | 0.3449 | ||||
| Deep sites (PPD) | |||||||||
| Probiotic group (n = 16) | 7.5 ± 1.0 | 7.4 ± 0.9 | 7.9 ± 1.2 | 0.1054 | a > b (p = 0.0947) | − 0.4 ± 0.3 | − 0.1 ± 0.3 | − 0.4 ± 0.3 | − 0.1 ± 0.3 |
| a > c (p = 0.5716) | |||||||||
| Antibiotic group (n = 16) | 7.5 ± 0.7 | 7.7 ± 0.7 | 7.1 ± 0.2 | 0.1054 | a > b (p = 0.6845) | 0.1 ± 1.4 | − 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.08 ± 1.1 | − 0.2 ± 0.08 |
| a > c (p = 0.1088) | |||||||||
| Placebo group (n = 15) | 7.8 ± 0.7 | 7.6 ± 0.9 | 7.2 ± 0.2 | 0.6747 | a > b (p = 0.3991) | − 0.6 ± 1.8 | − 1.0 ± 1.0 | − 0.4 ± 1.4 | − 0.8 ± 0.8 |
| a > c (p = 0.0510) | 0.7364 | 0.2588 | |||||||
| p value (inter-group) | 0.3767 | 0.2995 | 0.1862 |
Data presented as mean ± SD; BL: Baseline. CAL: Clinical attachment loss. PPD: Probing pocket depth
aEffect size of (∆3 months‐BL) was calculated by delta mean change from month 3 to baseline over standard deviation of baseline. bEffect size of (∆12 months‐BL) was calculated by delta mean change from month 12 to baseline over standard deviation of baseline
Intra-group comparison by Friedman test (p < 0.05) and Bonferroni-corrected Wilcoxon signed rank test (p < 0.025). Statistical significant in bold
Inter-group comparison by ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis test (p < 0.05)