Table 4.
Teeth and sites with PPD ≥ 5, ≥ 6 and ≥ 7 mm at baseline, 3- and 6–12 months follow up
| Baseline (a) | 3 months (b) | 12 months (c) | p value (intra-group) | Post-hoc (Bonferroni adjustment) | Effect size (∆3 months-BL)a | Effect size (∆12 months-BL)b | ∆3 months-BL | ∆12 months-BL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Teeth with PPD ≥ 5 mm (%) | |||||||||
| Probiotic group (n = 16) | 33.3 ± 25.3 | 13.9 ± 12.5 | 9.7 ± 10.5 | 0.0040 | a > b (p = 0.0009) | − 0.7 ± 0.7 | − 0.9 ± 0.8 | − 19.4 ± 18.1 | − 23.5 ± 21.6 |
| a > c (p = 0.0008) | |||||||||
| Antibiotic group (n = 16) | 42.3 ± 24.1 | 12.7 ± 11.7 | 11.6 ± 11.6 | 0.0008 | a > b (p = 0.0007) | − 1.1 ± 0.6 | − 1.1 ± 0.7 | − 28.5 ± 16.0 | − 30.7 ± 18.9 |
| a > c (p = 0.0005) | |||||||||
| Placebo group (n = 15) | 46.4 ± 32.6 | 15.0 ± 21.1 | 15.2 ± 19.1 | 0.0034 | a > b (p = 0.0007) | − 1.2 ± 0.9 | − 1.2 ± 0.9 | − 31.4 ± 25.3 | − 31.2 ± 23.8 |
| a > c (p = 0.0008) | |||||||||
| p value (inter-group) | 0.4163 | 0.8307 | 0.8075 | 0.1978 | 0.4069 | ||||
| Teeth with PPD ≥ 6 mm (%) | |||||||||
| Probiotic group (n = 16) | 15.9 ± 15.4 | 6.4 ± 7.3 | 4.9 ± 6.2 | 0.0184 | a > b (p = 0.0165) | − 0.5 ± 0.7 | − 0.6 ± 0.7 | − 9.6 ± 12.6 | − 11.1 ± 13.8 |
| a > c (p = 0.0089) | |||||||||
| Antibiotic group (n = 16) | 16.7 ± 12.6 | 6.4 ± 8.2 | 5.5 ± 8.1 | 0.0014 | a > b (p = 0.0009) | − 0.5 ± 0.5 | − 0.6 ± 0.5 | − 10.2 ± 8.8 | − 11.2 ± 9.0 |
| a > c (p = 0.0007) | |||||||||
| Placebo group (n = 15) | 26.6 ± 25.8 | 8.4 ± 13.7 | 8.5 ± 12.2 | 0.0054 | a > b (p = 0.0025) | − 1.0 ± 0.9 | − 1.0 ± 1.0 | − 18.2 ± 7.6 | − 18.2 ± 18.4 |
| a > c (p = 0.0043) | |||||||||
| p value (inter-group) | 0.6056 | 0.9650 | 0.6213 | 0.3702 | 0.2921 | ||||
| Teeth with PPD ≥ 7 mm (%) | |||||||||
| Probiotic group (n = 16) | 8.3 ± 11.0 | 2.3 ± 2.9 | 1.8 ± 2.6 | 0.0490 | a > b (p = 0.0738) | − 0.4 ± 0.7 | − 0.5 ± 0.7 | − 6.0 ± 9.7 | − 6.5 ± 9.2 |
| a > c (p = 0.0145) | |||||||||
| Antibiotic group (n = 16) | 7.6 ± 7.6 | 3.0 ± 5.2 | 2.4 ± 4.7 | 0.0049 | a > b (p = 0.0015) | − 0.4 ± 0.4 | − 0.4 ± 0.5 | − 5.1 ± 5.5 | − 5.2 ± 7.1 |
| a > c (p = 0.0077) | |||||||||
| Placebo group (n = 15) | 16.1 ± 19.7 | 5.7 ± 8.9 | 5.1 ± 6.9 | 0.0469 | a > b (p = 0.0122) | − 0.7 ± 0.9 | − 0.8 ± 1.1 | − 10.4 ± 13.1 | − 11.0 ± 14.7 |
| a > c (p = 0.0143) | |||||||||
| p value (inter-group) | 0.6573 | 0.8204 | 0.3481 | 0.6055 | 0.8091 | ||||
| Sites with PPD ≥ 5 mm (%) | |||||||||
| Probiotic group (n = 16) | 10.9 ± 10.2 | 3.4 ± 3.6 | 2.4 ± 2.9 | 0.0043 | a > b (p = 0.0013) | − 0.6 ± 0.6 | − 0.7 ± 0.7 | − 7.6 ± 7.9 | − 8.5 ± 9.1 |
| a > c (p = 0.0011) | |||||||||
| Antibiotic group (n = 16) | 14.1 ± 8.9 | 3.6 ± 4.3 | 3.3 ± 4.0 | 0.0005 | a > b (p = 0.0007) | − 0.8 ± 0.4 | − 0.8 ± 0.5 | − 10.2 ± 5.7 | − 10.8 ± 6.6 |
| a > c (p = 0.0005) | |||||||||
| Placebo group (n = 15) | 20.0 ± 18.6 | 4.8 ± 7.2 | 4.3 ± 6.1 | 0.0019 | a > b (p = 0.0007) | − 1.1 ± 1.1 | − 1.2 ± 1.1 | − 15.2 ± 14.6 | − 15.7 ± 14.9 |
| a > c (p = 0.0007) | |||||||||
| p value (inter-group) | 0.3755 | 0.8940 | 0.8700 | 0.2328 | 0.3160 | ||||
| Sites with PPD ≥ 6 mm (%) | |||||||||
| Probiotic group (n = 16) | 4.3 ± 4.7 | 1.4 ± 1.7 | 1.2 ± 2.0 | 0.0180 | a > b (p = 0.0215) | − 0.4 ± 0.5 | − 0.4 ± 0.5 | − 2.9 ± 3.7 | − 3.1 ± 4.1 |
| a > c (p = 0.0076) | |||||||||
| Antibiotic group (n = 16) | 4.9 ± 4.4 | 1.6 ± 2.7 | 1.3 ± 2.1 | 0.0049 | a > b (p = 0.0009) | − 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | − 3.5 ± 2.6 | − 3.6 ± 3.6 |
| a > c (p = 0.0017) | |||||||||
| Placebo group (n = 15) | 10.2 ± 11.3 | 2.2 ± 3.5 | 2.1 ± 3.1 | 0.0013 | a > b (p = 0.0030) | − 1.0 ± 1.1 | − 1.0 ± 1.2 | − 8.0 ± 9.1 | − 8.1 ± 9.3 |
| a > c (p = 0.0011) | |||||||||
| p value (inter-group) | 0.4818 | 0.9371 | 0.6105 | 0.3637 | 0.4272 | ||||
| Sites with PPD ≥ 7 mm (%) | |||||||||
| Probiotic group (n = 16) | 1.8 ± 2.6 | 0.6 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 1.4 | 0.0407 | a > b (p = 0.0738) | − 0.3 ± 0.5 | − 0.3 ± 0.5 | − 1.2 ± 1.9 | − 1.2 ± 1.9 |
| a > c (p = 0.0195) | |||||||||
| Antibiotic group (n = 16) | 1.9 ± 2.1 | 0.6 ± 1.3 | 0.6 ± 1.2 | 0.0042 | a > b (p = 0.0016) | − 0.4 ± 0.4 | − 0.3 ± 0.4 | − 1.4 ± 1.6 | − 1.4 ± 1.7 |
| a > c (p = 0.0043) | |||||||||
| Placebo group (n = 15) | 4.7 ± 6.8 | 1.4 ± 2.4 | 1.1 ± 1.8 | 0.0423 | a > b (p = 0.0198) | − 0.8 ± 1.4 | − 0.9 ± 1.5 | − 3.3 ± 5.5 | − 3.6 ± 6.0 |
| a > c (p = 0.0169) | |||||||||
| p value (inter-group) | 0.5671 | 0.8492 | 0.4180 | 0.5396 | 0.7226 |
Note: Data presented as mean ± SD of percentages. BL baseline, PPD probing pocket depth
aEffect size of (∆3 months‐BL) was calculated by delta mean change from month 3 to baseline over standard deviation of baseline. bEffect size of (∆12 months‐BL) was calculated by delta mean change from month 12 to baseline over standard deviation of baseline
Intra-group comparison by Friedman test (p < 0.05) and Bonferroni-corrected Wilcoxon signed rank test (p < 0.025). Statistical significant in bold
Inter-group comparison by ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis test (p < 0.05)