Table 3.
Cardiac Structure and Function in Relation to Blood Pressure at Baseline
| Blood Pressure Model | Models Including SBP or DBP | Models Including SBP and DBP | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBP | DBP | SBP | DBP | |
| Unadjusted | ||||
| Septal wall thickness, cm | 0.022 (0.008 to 0.036)† | 0.005 (−0.009 to 0.019) | 0.026 (0.010 to 0.042)† | −0.009 (−0.025 to 0.008) |
| Posterior wall thickness, cm | 0.020 (0.007 to 0.033)† | 0.003 (−0.010 to 0.016) | 0.025 (0.010 to 0.040)† | −0.009 (−0.024 to 0.006) |
| LV mass index, mg/m2 | 2.46 (0.45 to 4.46)* | 0.021 (−2.00 to 2.05) | 3.33 (0.99 to 5.66)† | −1.70 (−4.06 to 0.65) |
| Relative wall thickness | 0.007 (0.0004 to 0.014)* | 0.004 (−0.003 to 0.010) | 0.007 (−0.0007 to 0.015) | −0.00001 (−0.008 to 0.008) |
| E/A ratio | −0.056 (−0.11 to −0.0002)* | −0.16 (−0.22 to −0.11)‡ | 0.026 (−0.035 to 0.088) | −0.18 (−0.24 to −0.11)‡ |
| TDI e′, cm/s | −0.11 (−0.32 to 0.11) | 0.003 (−0.22 to 0.23) | −0.14 (−0.39 to 0.10) | 0.076 (−0.18 to 0.33) |
| E/e′ | −0.009 (−0.50 to 0.48) | −1.10 (−1.61 to −0.60)‡ | 0.65 (0.11 to 1.20)* | −1.44 (−2.01 to −0.86)‡ |
| LA volume index, mL/m2 | −0.78 (−1.62 to 0.058) | −1.05 (−1.90 to −0.19)* | −0.35 (−1.32 to 0.62) | −0.86 (−1.86 to 0.13) |
| Ejection fraction, % | −0.13 (−0.64 to 0.38) | −0.93 (−1.43 to −0.43)‡ | 0.48 (−0.11 to 1.07) | −1.18 (−1.77 to −0.59)‡ |
| Longitudinal strain, % | 0.20 (−0.12 to 0.52) | −0.32 (−0.64 to 0.0004)* | 0.48 (0.12 to 0.86)† | −0.57 (−0.94 to −0.20)† |
| Adjusted | ||||
| Septal wall thickness, cm | 0.020 (0.007 to 0.033)† | 0.013 (−0.0009 to 0.027) | 0.019 (0.003 to 0.035)* | 0.002 (−0.015 to 0.019) |
| Posterior wall thickness, cm | 0.018 (0.006 to 0.030)† | 0.012 (−0.001 to 0.025) | 0.017 (0.002 to 0.032)* | 0.002 (−0.014 to 0.018) |
| LV mass index, mg/m2 | 2.42 (0.41 to 4.43)* | 1.03 (−1.11 to 3.16) | 2.71 (0.30 to 5.12)* | −0.56 (−3.12 to 2.00) |
| Relative wall thickness | 0.005 (−0.001 to 0.012) | 0.007 (−0.0002 to 0.014) | 0.002 (−0.006 to 0.011) | 0.006 (−0.003 to 0.014) |
| E/A ratio | −0.069 (−0.13 to −0.013)* | −0.15 (−0.21 to −0.091)‡ | 0.006 (−0.059 to 0.071) | −0.15 (−0.22 to −0.083)‡ |
| TDI e′, cm/s | −0.090 (−0.31 to 0.13) | −0.060 (−0.31 to 0.19) | −0.086 (−0.35 to 0.18) | −0.010 (−0.30 to 0.28) |
| E/e′ | −0.17 (−0.67 to 0.32) | −0.76 (−1.30 to −0.22)† | 0.27 (−0.31 to 0.85) | −0.91 (−1.55 to −0.28)† |
| LA volume index, mL/m2 | −0.62 (−1.46 to 0.22) | −0.038 (−0.94 to 0.86) | −0.86 (−1.87 to 0.14) | 0.47 (−0.61 to 1.55) |
| Ejection fraction, % | −0.41 (−0.92 to 0.098) | −0.62 (−1.16 to −0.081)* | −0.13 (−0.74 to 0.48) | −0.54 (−1.19 to 0.10) |
| Longitudinal strain, % | 0.051 (−0.28 to 0.38) | −0.32 (−0.66 to 0.024) | 0.30 (−0.090 to 0.68) | −0.48 (−0.88 to −0.079)* |
Effect sizes (95% CIs) express the changes in the echocardiographic traits associated with a 1‐SD increase in SBP and DBP. Adjusted estimates account for sex, age, ethnicity, body mass index, heart rate, current smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, use of antihypertensive medications by drug class (ie, diuretics, β blockers, inhibitors of the renin‐angiotensin system, and calcium channel blockers), and intake of aspirin, lipid‐lowering drugs, other cardiovascular medications, and antidiabetic agents. In all models, the variance inflation factor for collinearity between SBP and DBP was ≤1.72. Longitudinal strain is a negative value, but for ease of interpretation, longitudinal strain was expressed as an absolute value. DBP indicates diastolic blood pressure; e′, peak early diastolic mitral annular tissue velocity; E, peak early diastolic transmitral flow velocity; E/A ratio, the ratio of peak early (E) to late (A) diastolic velocities; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; SBP, systolic blood pressure; and TDI, tissue Doppler imaging.
Significance of the associations: *P≤0.05, † P≤0.01, and ‡ P≤0.001.