Table 4.
ESUS Subgroup Comparison by Age
| Factors | ≤45 y (139/656) | 46 to 60 y (280/656) | ≥61 y (237/656) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female, n (%) | 16 (11.5) | 28 (10.0) | 70 (29.5) | 0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 123 (88.5) | 252 (90.0) | 167 (70.5) | |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 48 (34.5) | 159 (56.8) | 162 (68.4) | 0.001 |
| Pre–diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 37 (26.6) | 56 (20.0) | 34 (14.3) | 0.01 |
| Hemoglobin A1c% | 5.9±1.2 | 6.6±1.6* | 6.6±1.5 † | 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 102 (73.4) | 229 (81.8) | 200 (84.4) | 0.03 |
| Metabolic syndrome, n (%) | 19 (13.7) | 32 (11.4) | 29 (12.2) | 0.80 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 15 (11.0) | 60 (22.1) | 31 (13.5) | 0.005 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 85 (61.6) | 212 (75.7) | 158 (66.7) | 0.01 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 45 (32.4) | 86 (30.7) | 69 (29.1) | 0.8 |
| LAVI, mL/m2 | 22.7±9.4 | 24.3±11.6 | 29.3±13.6 † , ‡ | 0.001 |
| Mitral calcification, n (%) | 2 (1.1) | 52 (27.8) | 133 (71.1) | 0.001 |
| Aortic root diameter | 3.1±0.6 | 3.1±0.6 | 3.1±0.5 | 0.96 |
| EF% | 52.6±8.4 | 49.5±9.8* | 48±10.8 † | 0.001 |
| LVWMAs, n (%) | 17 (12.2) | 83 (29.6) | 87 (36.7) | 0.001 |
| Global hypokinesia, n (%) | 13 (9.4) | 28 (10.0 | 25 (10.5) | 0.93 |
| WMSI | 1.0±0.2 | 1.1±0.4* | 1.2±0.4 † | 0.001 |
| LVMI g/m2.7 | 38.2±24.2 | 40.5±41.8 | 43.6±34.5 | 0.34 |
| RWT | 0.36±0.2 | 0.37±0.5 | 0.42±0.6 | 0.58 |
| Heart geometry, n (%) | ||||
| Concentric remodeling | 16 (13.2) | 36 (14.6) | 30 (14.3) | 0.13 |
| Eccentric LVH | 18 (14.9) | 20 (8.1) | 30 (14.3) | |
| Concentric LVH | 16 (13.2) | 39 (15.8) | 17 (23.6) | |
| LVDD, n (%) | ||||
| Grade I | 45 (15.4) | 134 (45.7) | 114 (38.9) | 0.01 |
| LVDD Grades II+III | 5 (16.1) | 16 (51.6) | 10 (32.3) | |
| APB/24 h, n (%) | ||||
| >0 to <100 | 29 (65.9) | 64 (77.1) | 40 (56.3) | 0.12 |
| ≥100 to 499 | 13 (29.5) | 15 (18.1) | 20 (28.2) | |
| 500 to 999 | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.4) | |
| 1000 to 1499 | 1 (2.3) | 0 | 2 (2.8) | |
| >1500 | 1 (2.3) | 4 (4.8) | 8 (11.3) | |
| CHA2DS2‐VASC | 3.6±1 | 4±0.9* | 5.1±1.1 † , ‡ | 0.001 |
APB indicates atrial premature beats; EF, ejection fraction; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LVDD, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; LVWMAs, left ventricular wall motion abnormalities; RWT, regional wall thickness; and WMSI, wall motion score index.
*
≤45 years with 46 to 50 years.
†
≤45 years with ≥61 years.
‡
46 to 50 years with ≥61 years.