. 2020 Jul 30;9(15):e015916. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.015916

Table 2.

Hazard Ratio of Elevated Heart Rate Versus Normal Heart Rate in Time to Death or Transplant

Outcome	Model 1 (N=557)	Model 2 (N=557)	Model 3 (N=556)	Model 4 (N=451)	Model 5 (N=436)	Model 6 (N=451/451/451)
Death	2.27 (1.45–3.56) <0.001	2.28 (1.45–3.58) <0.001	2.01 (1.27–3.19) 0.003	2.26 (1.35–3.79) 0.002	2.32 (1.33–4.04) 0.003	2.60 (1.55–4.36) <0.001
Transplant	1.60 (1.15–2.22) 0.006	1.47 (1.06–2.06) 0.023	1.19 (0.84–1.68) 0.323	1.20 (0.82–1.77) 0.353	1.10 (0.73–1.63) 0.656	1.20 (0.82–1.77) 0.353
Death or transplant	1.81 (1.39–2.35) <0.001	1.71 (1.31–2.24) <0.001	1.44 (1.09–1.89) 0.01	1.50 (1.10–2.05) 0.001	1.41 (1.02–1.95) 0.035	1.50 (1.10–2.06) 0.012

Outcome

Model 1

(N=557)

Model 2

(N=557)

Model 3

(N=556)

Model 4

(N=451)

Model 5

(N=436)

Model 6

(N=451/451/451)

Death

2.27 (1.45–3.56) <0.001

2.28 (1.45–3.58) <0.001

2.01 (1.27–3.19) 0.003

2.26 (1.35–3.79) 0.002

2.32 (1.33–4.04) 0.003

2.60 (1.55–4.36) <0.001

Transplant

1.60 (1.15–2.22) 0.006

1.47 (1.06–2.06) 0.023

1.19 (0.84–1.68) 0.323

1.20 (0.82–1.77) 0.353

1.10 (0.73–1.63) 0.656

1.20 (0.82–1.77) 0.353

Death or transplant

1.81 (1.39–2.35) <0.001

1.71 (1.31–2.24) <0.001

1.44 (1.09–1.89) 0.01

1.50 (1.10–2.05) 0.001

1.41 (1.02–1.95) 0.035

1.50 (1.10–2.06) 0.012

Data presented are hazard ratios (95% CIs) and P values. Covariates were included based on statistical (bivariate association with heart rate group P<0.05) or clinical significance. Model 1 is univariate Cox regression model with heart rate (HR) variable (elevated HR vs normal HR) only. Model 2 adjusts for age at diagnosis. Model 3 further adjusts for congestive heart failure (Yes/No) in addition to covariates in Model 2. Model 4 further adjusts for left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) z score in addition to covariates included in Model 3. Model 5 further adjusts for medication (including anticongestive therapy, antiarrhythmic, angiotensin‐converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitor, and beta blocker) in addition to covariates included in Model 4. Model 6 is based on backwards model selection; all covariates deemed statistically or clinically significant were included in the initial model. The final model for death outcome adjusts for LVFS z score and ACE inhibitor use; the final model for heart transplant outcome adjusts for LVFS z score, age at diagnosis, and congestive heart failure; the final model for death or heart transplant outcomes adjusts for LVFS z score, age at diagnosis, congestive heart failure, and ACE inhibitor use.