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. 2020 Jul 31;9(15):e016586. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.016586

Figure 3. Mechanical stretch increased gremlin‐1 expression and suppressed BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) cascade in distal pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (dPASMCs) from healthy rats.

Figure 3

A through C, Mechanical stretch (24 hours, 1 Hz) increased the mRNA level of gremlin‐1 (A) but decreased the mRNA level of BMP receptor 2 (BMPR2) (B) and inhibitor of DNA‐binding 1 (Id1) (C) in an amplitude‐dependent way and achieved the optimal effect at 15%. D through F, Mechanical stretch (15%, 1 Hz) increased the mRNA level of gremlin‐1 (D) but decreased the mRNA level of BMPR2 (E) and Id1 (F) in a time‐dependent manner and exerted an optimal effect at 24 hours. G, Representative Western blotting image showing that the protein level changes of gremlin‐1 and BMP cascade in dPASMCs under the condition of mechanical stretch (15%, 24 hours, and 1 Hz). H through K, Quantification analysis presented the protein level change of gremlin‐1 (H), BMPR2 (I), P‐Smad1/5/8 ([phosphorylated drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein 1/5/8) (J), and Id1 (K) in dPASMCs under the condition of mechanical stretch (15%, 24 hours, and 1 Hz). Data are mean±SD of 5 to 6 independent experiments. NS indicates not significant; and T‐Smad1/5/7, total drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein 1/5/8. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and NS P>0.05.