Table 1.
Demographics of Patients Involved in This Study
| Parameter | Control | CHD–non‐PAH | CHD‐sePAH | CHD‐ES |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients | 21 | 18 | 20 | 27 |
| Age, y | 27 (22–44) | 34.5 (26–49) | 32 (23.5–38) | 27 (20–36) |
| Sex (men/women), % | 52.38/47.62 | 50/50 | 35/65 | 18.52/81.48 |
| Diagnosis | ||||
| ASD/VSD/PDA, % | 0/0/0 | 27.78/38.89/33.33 | 25/35/40 | 33.33/40.74/25.93 |
| Hemodynamic indexes | ||||
| PASP, mm Hg | 38.56±9.00 | 80.70±21.82 | 114.22±15.05 | |
| mPAP, mm Hg | 23.17±7.29 | 53.05±15.16 | 82.26±12.88 | |
| CO, L/min | 8.08±2.18 | 6.67±2.00 | 4.07±1.70 | |
| CI, L/min per m2 | 5.00±1.56 | 4.25±1.40 | 2.70±1.17 | |
| PVR, Wood | 1.99±0.88 | 6.63±1.98 | 20.37±7.52 | |
| TPVR, Wood | 3.17±0.70 | 8.27±2.13 | 23.32±7.85 | |
| Gremlin‐1, ng/mL | 82.02±20.65 | 140.99±30.61 | 253.12±47.82 | 313.52±62.15 |
Age data are presented as median (interquartile range), and hemodynamic data are presented as mean±SD. ASD indicates atrial septal defect; CHD, congenital heart disease; CHD‐ES, CHD patients with Eisenmenger syndrome; CHD–non‐PAH, CHD patients with no PAH; CHD‐sePAH, CHD patients with severe PAH; CI, cardiac index; CO, cardiac output; mPAP, mean pulmonary arterial pressure; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; PASP, pulmonary arterial systolic pressure; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; TPVR, total pulmonary vascular resistance; and VSD, ventricular septal defect.