Table 2.

Multilevel logistic regression model: variables associated with involuntary admission (patients sample: n = 6018)

Characteristics	Involuntary admission n = 608	Voluntary admission n = 5410	Overall n = 6018	COR (95% CI)a	p-value	AOR (95% CI)b n = 5382	p-value
	n(%)	n(%)	n(%)
Age (years)
Mean ± SD	43.4 ± 15.2	46.9 ± 15.7	46.5 ± 15.7	0.99 (0.98–0.99)	< 0.001	0.99 (0.98–0.99)	0.003
Gender
Female	245 (40.7)	2757 (51.1)	3002 (50.1)	1		1
Male	357 (59.3)	2638 (48.9)	2995 (49.9)	1.56 (1.31–1.86)	< 0.001	1.19 (0.97–1.45)	0.089
Nationality
Italian	533 (88.2)	4689 (91.9)	5222 (91.6)	1		1
EU citizens	24 (4.0)	165 (3.2)	189 (3.3)	1.22 (0.78–1.90)	0.392	0.82 (0.50–1.37)	0.458
Non-EU citizens	47 (7.8)	246 (4.8)	293 (5.1)	1.68 (1.20–2.36)	0.002	1.16 (0.78–1.72)	0.476
Physical restraint
No	446 (73.4)	5159 (95.4)	5605 (93.1)	1		1
Yes	162 (26.6)	251 (4.6)	413 (6.9)	14.14 (10.81–18.51)	< 0.001	12.57 (9.35–16.91)	< 0.001
Main diagnosis at discharge
Mood disorders	133 (21.9)	1859 (34.5)	1992 (33.2)	1		1
Schizophrenia	316 (52.0)	1609 (29.9)	1925 (32.1)	2.94 (2.36–3.66)	< 0.001	2.65 (2.07–3.38)	< 0.001
Personality disorders	65 (10.7)	929 (17.2)	994 (16.6)	1.02 (0.74–1.39)	0.925	0.92 (0.64–1.31)	0.637
Substance use disorders	30 (4.9)	165 (3.1)	195 (3.2)	2.88 (1.83–4.52)	< 0.001	2.51 (1.53–4.13)	< 0.001
Othersc	64 (10.5)	827 (15.3)	891 (14.9)	1.07 (0.77–1.48)	0.701	0.92 (0.65–1.31)	0.644
Length of hospitalization (days)
Mean ± SD	15.1 ± 11.6	11.8 ± 11.1	12.2 ± 11.2	1.02 (1.02–1.03)	< 0.001	1.02 (1.01–1.03)	< 0.001

^aCOR Crude Odds Ratios

^bAOR Adjusted Odds Ratios

^cDementias; pervasive developmental disorders; anxiety, dissociative and somatoform disorders; adjustment reactions; acute reactions of stress