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. 2021 Jan 7;14:14. doi: 10.1186/s13068-020-01858-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Sensitivity enhancement from DNP. a DNP enhances the NMR sensitivity by 26-fold on the wild-type sample. This value is obtained by quantifying the intensity ratio between the spectra collected with microwave on (MW on) and microwave off (MW off). The DNP-enhanced spectrum of ctl1 ctl2 (orange dashline) is compared with the wild-type (WT) sample. b Lignin region of the room-temperature spectrum (RT; top), DNP-enhanced spectrum (MW on; middle), and non-DNP spectrum (MW off; bottom). The experimental time is labeled for each panel. DNP significantly saves experimental time and enhances NMR sensitivity. c, Spectral deconvolution of the interior cellulose carbon 4 (i4) and surface cellulose carbon 4 (s4) region (dashline square in panel a) reveals the crystallinity change in rice cellulose. The experimentally measured spectra (black) are overlaid with the simulated spectra (blue), with the deconvoluted peaks underlying the spectral envelope. The interior-to-surface (i/s) ratio of cellulose is quantified for both samples, which has shown an increase in cellulose crystallinity in the ctl1 ctl2 mutant. The fit parameters are listed in Additional file 1: Tables S1 and S2