Table 2.
Difference of Brachial‐Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity Change Rate (cm/s per year) According to Night‐Eating Frequency in Women, Men, and Total Participants
| Never or Rarely | Some Days | Most Days | P for Trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women (n=2222) | ||||
| N | 2007 | 119 | 96 | |
| Model 1 | 0 (reference) | 36.1 (11.3–61.0)* | 27.2 (0–54.5) | 0.003 |
| Model 2 | 0 (reference) | 38.8 (13.1–64.5)* | 29.8 (1.7–57.9)* | 0.002 |
| Model 3 | 0 (reference) | 34.2 (7.5–61.0)* | 34.3 (4.7–64.0)* | 0.002 |
| Model 4 | 0 (reference) | 32.5 (5.0–59.9)* | 35.1 (5.4–64.8)* | 0.002 |
| Further adjusting for menopausal status | 0 (reference) | 32.2 (4.7–59.6)* | 35.1 (5.3–64.8)* | 0.003 |
| Men (n=5549) | ||||
| N | 4618 | 491 | 440 | |
| Model 1 | 0 (reference) | 3.4 (−10.2 to 17.1) | 4.3 (−9.7 to 18.3) | 0.47 |
| Model 2 | 0 (reference) | 1.9 (−11.0 to 15.7) | 4.0 (−10.1 to 18.1) | 0.55 |
| Model 3 | 0 (reference) | −0.1 (−14.8 to 14.5) | 6.9 (−8.2 to 22.0) | 0.43 |
| Model 4 | 0 (reference) | 4.1 (−11.3 to 19.5) | 6.3 (−8.9 to 21.4) | 0.36 |
| Total (n=7771) | 6625 | 610 | 536 | |
| Model 1 | 0 (reference) | 11.0 (−0.9 to 22.9) | 9.8 (−2.6 to 22.3) | 0.04 |
| Model 2 | 0 (reference) | 10.4 (−1.8 to 22.5) | 10.0 (−2.6 to 22.6) | 0.04 |
| Model 3 | 0 (reference) | 8.9 (−4.0 to 21.7) | 14.3 (0.9–27.8)* | 0.02 |
| Model 4 | 0 (reference) | 12.2 (−1.2 to 25.6) | 14.1 (0.6–27.5)* | 0.01 |
Model 1 adjusted for age and sex; model 2 further adjusted for baseline brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity, total energy intake (quartiles), and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet‐quality score; model 3 further adjusted for physical activity (low, moderate, or high), marriage (single or married), employment (blue‐collar or white‐collar worker), education level (high school and below, or college and above), alcohol consumption (yes/no), smoking status (yes/no), antihypertensive drug (yes/no), body mass index (quintile), systolic blood pressure (quintile), fasting blood glucose (quintile), low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (quintile) and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (quintile); model 4 further adjusted for sleep duration (hours), insomnia (yes/no), snoring (yes/no), and breakfast frequency. Menopause status was categorized as no menopause, developed menopause, or postmenopausal during follow‐up.
P difference <0.05 compared with “never or rarely” ate‐at‐night group.
Values are adjusted mean differences (95% CIs).