Table 3.
Sensitivity Analyses of Adjusted Difference of Brachial‐Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity Change Rate (cm/s per year) According to Night‐Eating Frequency
|
Never or Rarely (n=6625) |
Some Days (n=610) |
Most Days (n=536) |
P for Trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Propensity score adjusted (n=7771) | 0 (reference) | 8.6 (0.9–16.3)* | 8.8 (0.7–17.0)* | 0.01 |
| Excluding repeated measurement in <1 y | 0 (reference) | |||
| Women (n=2062) | 0 (reference) | 4.5 (−17.6 to 26.6) | 23.1 (−0.2 to 46.4) | 0.05 |
| Men (n=4809) | 0 (reference) | −3.2 (−12.7 to 6.4) | 5.9 (−3.1 to 15.0) | 0.35 |
| Total (n=6871) | 0 (reference) | −0.1 (−9.4 to 9.1) | 10.4 (1.4–19.4)* | 0.04 |
| Excluding participants with insomnia | ||||
| Women (n=2026) | 0 (reference) | 33.5 (3.7–63.4)* | 35.0 (3.1–66.9)* | 0.005 |
| Men (n=5341) | 0 (reference) | 3.9 (−12.5 to 20.3) | 6.1 (−9.5 to 21.7) | 0.39 |
| Total (n=7367) | 0 (reference) | 11.6 (−2.8 to 25.9) | 13.6 (−0.4 to 27.7) | 0.02 |
Model adjusted for age, baseline brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity, total energy intake (quartiles), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet‐quality score, physical activity (low, moderate, or high), marriage (single or married), employment (blue‐collar or white‐collar worker), education level (high school and below, or college and above), alcohol consumption (yes/no), smoking status (yes/no), antihypertensive drug (yes/no), body mass index (quintile), systolic blood pressure (quintile), fasting blood glucose quintile), low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (quintile), high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (quintile), sleep duration (hours), insomnia (yes/no), snoring (yes/no), and breakfast frequency.
P difference <0.05 compared with the “never or rarely” ate‐at‐night group.
Values are adjusted mean differences (95% CIs).